Dysarthria

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Historical Perspective

  • The term dysarthria is derived from New Latin.
  • 'Dys' means dysfunctional/impaired and 'arthr' means joint/vocal articulation.[1]

Classification

  • Dysarthria may be classified according to presentation of symptoms into the following:[2]
Type of Dysarthria Cause
Flaccid Bilateral/unilateral lower motor neuron
Spastic Bilateral upper motor neuron(UMN)
Unilateral UMN Unilateral upper motor neuron
Ataxic Cerebellum
Hyper-kinetic Basal ganglia
Hypo-kinetic Basal ganglia
Mixed More that one type of dysarthria co-exist

Pathophysiology

  • Dysarthria is a motor speech disorder, marked by poor articulation caused by neuromuscular impairment.
  • Neurological deficit causes weakness and/or paralysis of muscles responsible for speech.

Causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Amyloidosis, Basilar artery insufficiency, Brainstem infarction , Brainstem stroke, Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome, Cerebellar infarction , Cerebral stroke , Cerebrovascular accident, Noonan syndrome, Stroke
Chemical/Poisoning Anesthesia, Botulinum toxin, Manganese poisoning, Organophosphate poisoning
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic Dermatomyositis
Drug Side Effect Asenapine maleate, Carbamazepine, Cytarabine, Lacosamide, Lomustine, Loxapine, Olanzapine, Oprelvekin, Perphenazine, Pramipexole
Ear Nose Throat Enlarged tongue, Hearing loss, Macroglossia
Endocrine Amyloidosis, Hypothyroidism, Maturational delay, Woodhouse-sakati syndrome
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic Charlevoix-saguenay spastic ataxia, Mitochondrial disease, Noonan syndrome, Progressive external ophthalmoplegia, autosomal recessive, Turner syndrome, Wilson's disease, Wolfram's disease, Woodhouse-sakati syndrome
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic Anesthesia
Infectious Disease Abscess, Anaerobic infection, Botulism, Diptheria, Guillain-barre syndrome, Lyme disease, Poliomyelitis
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic Muscular dystrophy, Myasthenia gravis, Myotonic muscular dystrophy, Polymyositis, Progressive external ophthalmoplegia, autosomal recessive
Neurologic Acquired brain injury, Acute dystonic reaction, Alcoholic cerebellar degeneration, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Anticonvulsant intoxication, Articulation disorders, Basal ganglia disorders, Basilar artery insufficiency, Botulism, Brain injury, Brain tumor, Brainstem infarction , Brainstem tumor, Brainstem stroke, Central pontine myelinosis, Cerebellar disorders, Cerebellar infarction , Cerebellar syndrome, Cerebral palsy, Cerebral stroke , Cerebrovascular accident, Charlevoix-saguenay spastic ataxia, Degenerative brain disease, Dementia, Dermatomyositis, Diabetic nerve infarction, Friedreich's ataxia, Guillain-barre syndrome, Hearing loss, Huntington's disease, Motor neurone disease, Multiple sclerosis, Muscular dystrophy, Myasthenia gravis, Myotonic muscular dystrophy, Neuroferritinopathy, Neuron lesions of cranial nerve ix, Neuron lesions of cranial nerve x, Olivopontocerebellar degeneration, Parkinson disease, Parkinsonism, Parkinson's disease, Partington x-linked mental retardation syndrome, Phonology disorders, Progressive supranuclear palsy, Resonance disorders, Spinocerebellar ataxias, Wilson's disease, Worster-drought syndrome
Nutritional/Metabolic Diabetic nerve infarction, Neuroferritinopathy
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Brain tumor, Brainstem tumor
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity Alcoholic cerebellar degeneration, Anticonvulsant intoxication
Psychiatric Psychologic disorders
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte Central pontine myelinosis
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Amyloidosis, Polymyositis
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Abscess, Head injury, Head trauma, Hearing loss, Poorly fitting mouth appliances
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

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Differentiating ((Page name)) from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Treatment

The articulation problems that dysarthria causes can be treated together with a speech language pathologist using a range of techniques which sometimes includes strengthening the speech musculature. Devices that make coping with dysarthria easier include speech synthesis software and text-based telephones.

References

  1. "Definition of DYSARTHRIA". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2020-03-07.
  2. Duffy, Joseph R.; Josephs, Keith A. (2012). "The Diagnosis and Understanding of Apraxia of Speech: Why Including Neurodegenerative Etiologies May Be Important". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 55 (5). doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2012/11-0309). ISSN 1092-4388.

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