ABA-response element gene transcriptions: Difference between revisions

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cl04813: EIN3 Superfamily: "Ethylene insensitive 3 (EIN3) proteins are a family of plant DNA-binding proteins that regulate transcription in response to the gaseous plant hormone ethylene, and are essential for ethylene-mediated responses including the triple response, cell growth inhibition, and accelerated senescence."<ref name=NCBI414191>{{ cite book
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|title=Conserved Protein Domain Family EIN3
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|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=24 November 2020
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/cddsrv.cgi?uid=414191
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Revision as of 23:06, 3 May 2023

Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Henry A. Hoff

"The key cis-elements in [non-yellow coloring 1] NYC1 promoter, namely, ABA-response element (ABRE) (ACGTG), ACGT, GCCcore (GCCGCC), and ethylene-inducible 3 [EIN3-Like1] (EIN3)/EIL1-binding sequence (T[TAG][GA]CGT[GA][TCA][TAG]), can be targeted by ABA insensitive 3 (ABI3), ABI5, and ABF2, 3, 4 in the ABA-signaling pathway [60,61]. GCCGCC and EIN3/EIL1-binding sequence (T[TAG][GA]CGT[GA][TCA][TAG]) are induced by ethylene-inducible TF and EIN3/EIL1 in the ethylene signaling pathway [61]. Therefore, ABA signaling is crucial for [chlorophyll] Chl b reductase activities to catalyze the Chl degradation, the first part of leaf senescence."[1]

"The hypoxia response element (HRE) and estrogen response element (ERE) were located on −154 to −150 "ACGTG", and −94 to −80 "AGGTTATTGCCTCCT" on the transcript, respectively."[2]

Consensus sequences

Main article: Consensus sequence gene transcriptions

"The ABA responsive element (ABRE) is a key cis‐regulatory element in ABA signalling. However, its consensus sequence (ACGTG(G/T)C) is present in the promoters of only about 40% of ABA‐induced genes in rice aleurone cells, suggesting other ABREs may exist."[3]

"Many ABA‐inducible genes in various species contain a conserved cis‐regulatory ABA responsive element (ABRE) with the consensus sequence ACGTG(G/T)C (Hattori et al. 2002; Shen et al. 2004)."[3]

"The [novel ABRE] ABREN, [GATCGATC], had the highest average score and highest average sites in the 1 kb upstream of the start codon of the highly ABA‐induced genes in aleurone. The CGATCGAT motif [...] was identified by Bioprospector more times, but the average score and number of sites were lower. This sequence is almost identical to the ABREN but with a leading cytosine. The ABRE [ACGTGTCC] was the third highest scoring motif."[3]

Using the ABREN (GATCGATC), the CGATCGAT motif, and the ABRE (ACGTGTCC)[3] suggests a general consensus sequence of 5'-(A/C/G)(A/C/G)(A/G/T)(C/T)(C/G)(A/G/T)(A/C/T)(C/T)-3' which would allow 1944 combinations including the principal three variations. As the ABREN has the repeat pattern "GATC" and the CGATCGAT motif is similar with "CGAT", looking for the smaller GATCGAT may be more productive, while the ABRE as "ACGTGTCC" can be searched separately.

The more reduced consensus sequence 5'-GATCGAT-3' may be a better choice while the ABRE 5'-ACGTGTCC-3' could be examined separately.

Hypotheses

  1. A1BG has no ABA-response elements in either promoter.
  2. A1BG is not transcribed by an ABA-response element.
  3. ABA-response elements do not participate in the transcription of A1BG.

ABREN samplings

Copying 5'-CCGTCTCC-3' in "⌘F" yields two between ZSCAN22 and A1BG and none between ZNF497 and A1BG as can be found by the computer programs.

Copying 5'-CAGCCACC-3' in "⌘F" yields none between ZSCAN22 and A1BG and one between ZNF497 and A1BG as can be found by the computer programs.

The last two above could be combined as 5'-C(A/C)G(C/T)C(A/T)CC-3' as another possible consensus sequence.

Copying 5'-GATCGAT-3' in "⌘F" yields none between ZSCAN22 and A1BG and none between ZNF497 and A1BG as can be found by the computer programs.

Copying 5'-T[TAG][GA]CGT[GA][TCA][TAG]-3' is 5'-T(A/G/T)(A/G)CGT(A/G)(A/C/T)(A/G/T)-3'.

For the Basic programs testing consensus sequence 3'-GATCGAT-5' (starting with SuccessablesABA.bas) written to compare nucleotide sequences with the sequences on either the template strand (-), or coding strand (+), of the DNA, in the negative direction (-), or the positive direction (+), the programs are, are looking for, and found:

  1. negative strand in the negative direction (from ZSCAN22 to A1BG) is SuccessablesABA--.bas, looking for 3'-GATCGAT-5', 0.
  2. negative strand in the positive direction (from ZNF497 to A1BG) is SuccessablesABA-+.bas, looking for 3'-GATCGAT-5', 0.
  3. positive strand in the negative direction (from ZSCAN22 to A1BG) is SuccessablesABA+-.bas, looking for 3'-GATCGAT-5', 0.
  4. positive strand in the positive direction (from ZNF497 to A1BG) is SuccessablesABA++.bas, looking for 3'-GATCGAT-5', 0.
  5. complement, negative strand, negative direction is SuccessablesABAc--.bas, looking for 3'-CTAGCTA-5', 0.
  6. complement, negative strand in the positive direction (from ZNF497 to A1BG) is SuccessablesABAc-+.bas, looking for 3'-CTAGCTA-5', 0.
  7. complement, positive strand in the negative direction (from ZSCAN22 to A1BG) is SuccessablesABAc+-.bas, looking for 3'-CTAGCTA-5', 0.
  8. complement, positive strand in the positive direction (from ZNF497 to A1BG) is SuccessablesABAc++.bas, looking for 3'-CTAGCTA-5', 0.
  9. inverse complement, negative strand, negative direction is SuccessablesABAci--.bas, looking for 3'-ATCGATC-5', 0.
  10. inverse complement, negative strand in the positive direction (from ZNF497 to A1BG) is SuccessablesABAci-+.bas, looking for 3'-ATCGATC-5', 0.
  11. inverse complement, positive strand in the negative direction (from ZSCAN22 to A1BG) is SuccessablesABAci+-.bas, looking for 3'-ATCGATC-5', 0.
  12. inverse complement, positive strand in the positive direction (from ZNF497 to A1BG) is SuccessablesABAci++.bas, looking for 3'-ATCGATC-5', 0.
  13. inverse negative strand in the negative direction (from ZSCAN22 to A1BG) is SuccessablesABAi--.bas, looking for 3'-TAGCTAG-5', 0.
  14. inverse negative strand in the positive direction (from ZNF497 to A1BG) is SuccessablesABAi-+.bas, looking for 3'-TAGCTAG-5', 0.
  15. inverse positive strand in the negative direction (from ZSCAN22 to A1BG) is SuccessablesABAi+-.bas, looking for 3'-TAGCTAG-5', 0.
  16. inverse positive strand in the positive direction (from ZNF497 to A1BG) is SuccessablesABAi++.bas, looking for 3'-TAGCTAG-5', 0.

ABRE samplings

Copying 5'-ACGTG-3' in "⌘F" yields eight between ZSCAN22 and A1BG and one between ZNF497 and A1BG as can be found by the computer programs.

For the Basic programs testing consensus sequence 3'-ACGTG(G/T)C-5' (starting with SuccessablesABA.bas) written to compare nucleotide sequences with the sequences on either the template strand (-), or coding strand (+), of the DNA, in the negative direction (-), or the positive direction (+), the programs are, are looking for, and found:

  1. negative strand in the negative direction (from ZSCAN22 to A1BG) is SuccessablesABA--.bas, looking for 3'-ACGTG(G/T)C-5', 0.
  2. negative strand in the positive direction (from ZNF497 to A1BG) is SuccessablesABA-+.bas, looking for 3'-ACGTG(G/T)C-5', 0.
  3. positive strand in the negative direction (from ZSCAN22 to A1BG) is SuccessablesABA+-.bas, looking for 3'-ACGTG(G/T)C-5', 1, 3'-ACGTGGC-5', 4239.
  4. positive strand in the positive direction (from ZNF497 to A1BG) is SuccessablesABA++.bas, looking for 3'-ACGTG(G/T)C-5', 2, 3'-ACGTGTC-5', 1823, 3'-ACGTGGC-5', 4344.
  5. complement, negative strand, negative direction is SuccessablesABAc--.bas, looking for 3'-TGCAC(A/C)G-5', 1, 3'-TGCACCG-5', 4239.
  6. complement, negative strand in the positive direction (from ZNF497 to A1BG) is SuccessablesABAc-+.bas, looking for 3'-TGCAC(A/C)G-5', 2, 3'-TGCACAG-5', 1823, 3'-TGCACCG-5', 4344.
  7. complement, positive strand in the negative direction (from ZSCAN22 to A1BG) is SuccessablesABAc+-.bas, looking for 3'-TGCAC(A/C)G-5', 0.
  8. complement, positive strand in the positive direction (from ZNF497 to A1BG) is SuccessablesABAc++.bas, looking for 3'-TGCAC(A/C)G-5', 0.
  9. inverse complement, negative strand, negative direction is SuccessablesABAci--.bas, looking for 3'-G(A/C)CACGT-5', 1, 3'-GACACGT-5', 3429.
  10. inverse complement, negative strand in the positive direction (from ZNF497 to A1BG) is SuccessablesABAci-+.bas, looking for 3'-G(A/C)CACGT-5', 0.
  11. inverse complement, positive strand in the negative direction (from ZSCAN22 to A1BG) is SuccessablesABAci+-.bas, looking for 3'-G(A/C)CACGT-5', 0.
  12. inverse complement, positive strand in the positive direction (from ZNF497 to A1BG) is SuccessablesABAci++.bas, looking for 3'-G(A/C)CACGT-5', 1, 3'-GACACGT-5', 2960.
  13. inverse negative strand in the negative direction (from ZSCAN22 to A1BG) is SuccessablesABAi--.bas, looking for 3'-C(G/T)GTGCA-5', 0.
  14. inverse negative strand in the positive direction (from ZNF497 to A1BG) is SuccessablesABAi-+.bas, looking for 3'-C(G/T)GTGCA-5', 1, 3'-CTGTGCA-5', 2960.
  15. inverse positive strand in the negative direction (from ZSCAN22 to A1BG) is SuccessablesABAi+-.bas, looking for 3'-C(G/T)GTGCA-5', 1, 3'-CTGTGCA-5', 3429.
  16. inverse positive strand in the positive direction (from ZNF497 to A1BG) is SuccessablesABAi++.bas, looking for 3'-C(G/T)GTGCA-5', 0.

UTR ABRE promoters

  1. Negative strand, negative direction: GACACGT at 3429.
  1. Positive strand, negative direction: ACGTGGC at 4239.

ABRE Core promoters

Main article: Core promoter gene transcriptions

Positive strand, positive direction: ACGTGGC at 4344.

ABRE Distal promoters

Main article: Distal promoter gene transcriptions

Positive strand, positive direction: GACACGT at 2960, ACGTGTC at 1823.

ABRE random dataset samplings

  1. ABREr0: 0.
  2. ABREr1: 0.
  3. ABREr2: 1, ACGTGTC at 1596.
  4. ABREr3: 1, ACGTGGC at 1439.
  5. ABREr4: 0.
  6. ABREr5: 0.
  7. ABREr6: 1, ACGTGTC at 2907.
  8. ABREr7: 1, ACGTGGC at 3536.
  9. ABREr8: 1, ACGTGTC at 916.
  10. ABREr9: 0.
  11. ABREr0ci: 0.
  12. ABREr1ci: 3, GACACGT at 3788, GCCACGT at 3298, GCCACGT at 191.
  13. ABREr2ci: 0.
  14. ABREr3ci: 2, GCCACGT at 4080, GCCACGT at 1482.
  15. ABREr4ci: 1, GACACGT at 2286.
  16. ABREr5ci: 0.
  17. ABREr6ci: 0.
  18. ABREr7ci: 1, GACACGT at 1391.
  19. ABREr8ci: 1, GCCACGT at 897.
  20. ABREr9ci: 1, GCCACGT at 874.

ABREr UTRs

Main article: UTR promoter gene transcriptions
  1. ABREr6: ACGTGTC at 2907.

ABREr proximal promoters

Main article: Proximal promoter gene transcriptions
  1. ABREr3ci: GCCACGT at 4080.

ABREr distal promoters

Main article: Distal promoter gene transcriptions
  1. ABREr2: ACGTGTC at 1596.
  2. ABREr8: ACGTGTC at 916.
  3. ABREr4ci: GACACGT at 2286.
  4. ABREr8ci: GCCACGT at 897.


  1. ABREr3: ACGTGGC at 1439.
  2. ABREr7: ACGTGGC at 3536.
  3. ABREr1ci: GACACGT at 3788, GCCACGT at 3298, GCCACGT at 191.
  4. ABREr3ci: GCCACGT at 1482.
  5. ABREr7ci: GACACGT at 1391.
  6. ABREr9ci: GCCACGT at 874.

ABRE analysis and results

Main article: Complex locus A1BG and ZNF497 § Abscissic acid (ABA) response elements

"The ABA responsive element (ABRE) is a key cis‐regulatory element in ABA signalling. However, its consensus sequence (ACGTG(G/T)C) is present in the promoters of only about 40% of ABA‐induced genes in rice aleurone cells, suggesting other ABREs may exist."[3]

Reals or randoms Promoters direction Numbers Strands Occurrences Averages (± 0.1)
Reals UTR negative 2 2 1.0 1.0
Randoms UTR arbitrary negative 1 10 0.1 0.25
Randoms UTR alternate negative 4 10 0.4 0.25
Reals Core negative 0 2 0 0
Randoms Core arbitrary negative 0 10 0 0
Randoms Core alternate negative 0 10 0 0
Reals Core positive 1 2 0.5 0.5
Randoms Core arbitrary positive 0 10 0 0
Randoms Core alternate positive 0 10 0 0
Reals Proximal negative 0 2 0 0
Randoms Proximal arbitrary negative 0 10 0 0
Randoms Proximal alternate negative 0 10 0 0
Reals Proximal positive 0 2 0 0
Randoms Proximal arbitrary positive 1 10 0.1 0.05
Randoms Proximal alternate positive 0 10 0 0.05
Reals Distal negative 0 2 0 0
Randoms Distal arbitrary negative 4 10 0.4 0.45
Randoms Distal alternate negative 5 10 0.5 0.45
Reals Distal positive 2 2 1 1
Randoms Distal arbitrary positive 8 10 0.8 0.65
Randoms Distal alternate positive 5 10 0.5 0.65

Comparison:

The occurrences of real UTR and core ABREs are greater than the randoms. The occurrences for the real positive distals are greater than the randoms. This suggests that the real responsive element consensus sequences are likely active or activable with the possible exception of the real negative direction distal.

ACGTGTCC samplings

For the Basic programs testing consensus sequence 3'-ACGTGTCC-5' (starting with SuccessablesABA.bas) written to compare nucleotide sequences with the sequences on either the template strand (-), or coding strand (+), of the DNA, in the negative direction (-), or the positive direction (+), the programs are, are looking for, and found:

  1. negative strand, negative direction is SuccessablesABA--.bas, looking for 3'-ACGTGTCC-5', 0.
  2. negative strand, positive direction is SuccessablesABA-+.bas, looking for 3'-ACGTGTCC-5', 0.
  3. positive strand, negative direction is SuccessablesABA+-.bas, looking for 3'-ACGTGTCC-5', 0.
  4. positive strand, positive direction is SuccessablesABA++.bas, looking for 3'-ACGTGTCC-5', 0.
  5. complement, negative strand, negative direction is SuccessablesABAc--.bas, looking for 3'-TGCACAGG-5', 0.
  6. complement, negative strand, positive direction is SuccessablesABAc-+.bas, looking for 3'-TGCACAGG-5', 0.
  7. complement, positive strand, negative direction is SuccessablesABAc+-.bas, looking for 3'-TGCACAGG-5', 0.
  8. complement, positive strand, positive direction is SuccessablesABAc++.bas, looking for 3'-TGCACAGG-5', 0.
  9. inverse complement, negative strand, negative direction is SuccessablesABAci--.bas, looking for 3'-GGACACGT-5', 0.
  10. inverse complement, negative strand, positive direction is SuccessablesABAci-+.bas, looking for 3'-GGACACGT-5', 0.
  11. inverse complement, positive strand, negative direction is SuccessablesABAci+-.bas, looking for 3'-GGACACGT-5', 0.
  12. inverse complement, positive strand, positive direction is SuccessablesABAci++.bas, looking for 3'-GGACACGT-5', 0.
  13. inverse negative strand, negative direction is SuccessablesABAi--.bas, looking for 3'-CCTGTGCA-5', 0.
  14. inverse negative strand, positive direction is SuccessablesABAi-+.bas, looking for 3'-CCTGTGCA-5', 0.
  15. inverse positive strand, negative direction is SuccessablesABAi+-.bas, looking for 3'-CCTGTGCA-5', 0.
  16. inverse positive strand, positive direction is SuccessablesABAi++.bas, looking for 3'-CCTGTGCA-5', 0.

Discussion

Abscissic acid (ABA) response elements (ABREs) have been identified for example in the UTR for A1BG between ZSCAN22 and A1BG. If these response elements are active then A1BG can be transcribed as a key cis-regulatory element in ABA signaling. "However, for ABA responsive transcription to occur, a single copy of the ABRE is not sufficient. In barley, the combination of an ABRE and one of two known coupling elements CE1 (TGCCACCGG) and CE3 (GCGTGTC) constitutes an ABA responsive complex (ABRC) in the regulation of the ABA‐inducible genes HVA1 and HVA22 (Shen and Ho 1995; Shen et al. 1996). It was also shown that a pair of ABREs can function as an ABRC with the second ABRE playing the role of the coupling element in rice (Hobo et al. 1999), barley (Shen et al. 1996) and Arabidopsis (Nakashima et al. 2006). Coupling of two CE3s is much less active in conferring ABA response to the minimal promoter (Shen et al. 2004). Interestingly, CE3 appears to be specific to monocots. In Arabidopsis, the CE3 element is practically absent; thus, Arabidopsis relies on paired ABREs to form ABRCs (Gomez‐Porras et al. 2007) or on the coupling of a DRE (TACCGACAT) with ABRE (Narusaka et al. 2003; Nakashima et al. 2006)."[3]

No coupling elements occur in the negative direction between ZSCAN22 and A1BG. Two ABREs occur in both directions suggesting pairs may be available to function as an ABRC on either side of A1BG, subject to needed proximity. The random datasets have more occurrences further away from A1BG and always much fewer occurrences per dataset. These suggest that those around A1BG are not random and are likely active or activatable.

No DRE (TACCGACAT) occurs in either direction of A1BG.

Testing on Google Scholar: A1BG "ABA responsive element" - did not match any articles. Testing: A1BG ABRE produced 6 articles but ABRE in the first was not Abscissic acid (ABA) response element (ABRE). One other contained the Spanish word abre. The only ABRE found in the promoters of A1BG is ACGTG(G/T)C (Watanabe) with four occurrences. Coupling element (CE1) is absent but CE3 is present as GCGTGTC (Watanabe) and CACGCG (Ding). The DREB box or (CRT/DREB box) are absent.

An NIH Gene database search of "Homo sapiens" and "Abscissic acid" or ABRE produced no genes found.

ABA-signaling pathway

"The key cis-elements in [non-yellow coloring 1] NYC1 promoter, namely, ABA-response element (ABRE) (ACGTG), ACGT, GCCcore (GCCGCC), and ethylene-inducible 3 [EIN3-Like1] (EIN3)/EIL1-binding sequence (T[TAG][GA]CGT[GA][TCA][TAG]), can be targeted by ABA insensitive 3 (ABI3), ABI5, and ABF2, 3, 4 in the ABA-signaling pathway [60,61]."[1]

Ethylene signaling pathway

"GCCGCC and EIN3/EIL1-binding sequence (T[TAG][GA]CGT[GA][TCA][TAG]) are induced by ethylene-inducible TF and EIN3/EIL1 in the ethylene signaling pathway [61]."[1]

Gene ID: 1543, CYP1A1 cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A member 1 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]. Location: 15q24.1. "This gene, CYP1A1, encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases which catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids. This protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and its expression is induced by some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), some of which are found in cigarette smoke. The enzyme's endogenous substrate is unknown; however, it is able to metabolize some PAHs to carcinogenic intermediates. The gene has been associated with lung cancer risk. A related family member, CYP1A2, is located approximately 25 kb away from CYP1A1 on chromosome 15. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms."[4] Traceable author statement: "involved in ethylene metabolic process"[5]

Gene ID: 1571, CYP2E1 cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily E member 1 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]. Location: 10q26.3. "This gene encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases which catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids. This protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and is induced by ethanol, the diabetic state, and starvation. The enzyme metabolizes both endogenous substrates, such as ethanol, acetone, and acetal, as well as exogenous substrates including benzene, carbon tetrachloride, ethylene glycol, and nitrosamines which are premutagens found in cigarette smoke. Due to its many substrates, this enzyme may be involved in such varied processes as gluconeogenesis, hepatic cirrhosis, diabetes, and cancer."[6] Metabolism of dichloroethylene by CYP450 WikiPathways WP3666.

Gene ID: 219681, ARMC3 armadillo repeat containing 3 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]. Location: 10p12.2. "Armadillo/beta-catenin (CTNNB1; MIM 116806)-like (ARM) domains are imperfect 45-amino acid repeats involved in protein-protein interactions. ARM domain-containing proteins, such as ARMC3, function in signal transduction, development, cell adhesion and mobility, and tumor initiation and metastasis (Li et al., 2006 [PubMed 16915934])."[7] Transcript Variant: This variant (2) uses an alternate in-frame splice site in the 3' coding region, compared to variant 1. This results in a shorter protein (isoform 2), compared to isoform 1. pfam14381 Location: 713 → 851: EDR1; Ethylene-responsive protein kinase Le-CTR1. Transcript Variant: This variant (4) lacks three exons in the 5' region and uses a downstream start codon compared to variant 1. It encodes isoform 4 which has a shorter N-terminus compared to isoform 1. pfam14381 Location: 457 → 595: EDR1; Ethylene-responsive protein kinase Le-CTR1. Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longest transcript and encodes the longest isoform (1). pfam14381 Location: 720 → 858: EDR1; Ethylene-responsive protein kinase Le-CTR1.

cl00033: AP2 Superfamily: "DNA-binding domain found in transcription regulators in plants such as APETALA2 and EREBP (ethylene responsive element binding protein). In EREBPs the domain specifically binds to the 11bp GCC box of the ethylene response element (ERE), a promotor element essential for ethylene responsiveness. EREBPs and the C-repeat binding factor CBF1, which is involved in stress response, contain a single copy of the AP2 domain. APETALA2-like proteins, which play a role in plant development contain two copies."[8]

cl04813: EIN3 Superfamily: "Ethylene insensitive 3 (EIN3) proteins are a family of plant DNA-binding proteins that regulate transcription in response to the gaseous plant hormone ethylene, and are essential for ethylene-mediated responses including the triple response, cell growth inhibition, and accelerated senescence."[9]

Acknowledgements

The content on this page was first contributed by: Henry A. Hoff.

Initial content for this page in some instances came from Wikiversity.

Initial content for this page in some instances came from Wikipedia.

Initial content for this page in some instances incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Muhammad Asad Ullah Asad, Shamsu Ado Zakari, Qian Zhao, Lujian Zhou, Yu Ye and Fangmin Cheng (10 January 2019). "Abiotic Stresses Intervene with ABA Signaling to Induce Destructive Metabolic Pathways Leading to Death: Premature Leaf Senescence in Plants". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 20 (2): 256–278. doi:10.3390/ijms20020256. PMID 30634648. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
  2. ↑ Takuya Matsumoto, Saemi Kitajima, Chisato Yamamoto, Mitsuru Aoyagi, Yoshiharu Mitoma, Hiroyuki Harada and Yuji Nagashima (9 August 2020). "Cloning and tissue distribution of the ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 gene in the marine pufferfish Takifugu rubripes" (PDF). Fisheries Science. 86: 873–887. doi:10.1007/s12562-020-01451-z. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Kenneth A. Watanabe, Arielle Homayouni, Lingkun Gu, Kuan‐Ying Huang, Tuan‐Hua David Ho, Qingxi J. Shen (18 June 2017). "Transcriptomic analysis of rice aleurone cells identified a novel abscisic acid response element". Plant, Cell & Environment. 40 (9): 2004–2016. doi:10.1111/pce.13006. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
  4. ↑ RefSeq (January 2016). CYP1A1 cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A member 1 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]. 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  5. ↑ TAS (January 2016). CYP1A1 cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A member 1 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]. 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  6. ↑ RefSeq (July 2008). CYP2E1 cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily E member 1 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]. 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  7. ↑ OMIM (March 2008). ARMC3 armadillo repeat containing 3 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]. 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  8. ↑ NCBI (8 March 2022). Conserved Protein Domain Family AP2. 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  9. ↑ NCBI (24 November 2020). Conserved Protein Domain Family EIN3. 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 3 May 2023.

External links


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