S-100 protein

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S-100 protein is a type of low molecular weight protein found in vertebrates characterized by two calcium binding sites of the helix-loop-helix ("EF-hand type") conformation. There are at least 21 different types of S100 proteins. The name is derived from the fact that the protein is 100% Soluble in ammonium sulfate at neutral pH.

Structure

Most S100 proteins are homodimeric, consisting of two identical polypeptides held together by non-covalent bonds. Although S100 proteins are structurally similar to calmodulin, they differ in that they are cell-specific, expressed in particular cells at different levels depending on environmental factors. To contrast, calmodulin is a ubiquitous and universal intracellular Ca++ receptor widely expressed in many cells.

Normal function

S-100 is normally present in cells derived from the neural crest (Schwann cells, melanocytes, and glial cells), chondrocytes, adipocytes, myoepithelial cells, macrophages, Langerhans cells, dendritic cells, and keratinocytes. It may be present in some breast epithelial cells.

S100 proteins have been implicated in a variety of intracellular and extracellular functions. S100 proteins are involved in regulation of protein phosphorylation, transcription factors, Ca++ homeostasis, the dynamics of cytoskeleton constituents, enzyme activities, cell growth and differentiation, and the inflammatory response.

Pathology

Several members of the S-100 protein family are useful as markers for certain tumors and epidermal differentiation. It can be found in melanomas, 50% of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, and clear cell sarcomas.

S100 proteins have been used in the lab as cell markers for anatomic pathology.

References

• Donato R (2003). "Intracellular and extracellular roles of S100 proteins". Microsc. Res. Tech. 60 (6): 540-51. PMID 12645002.

• Wolf R, Voscopoulos CJ, FitzGerald PC, et al (2006). "The mouse S100A15 ortholog parallels genomic organization, structure, gene expression, and protein-processing pattern of the human S100A7/A15 subfamily during epidermal maturation". J. Invest. Dermatol. 126 (7): 1600-8. doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5700210. PMID 16528363.

Genes

• S100A1, S100A2, S100A3, S100A4, S100A5, S100A6, S100A7, S100A8, S100A9, S100A10, S100A11, S100A12, S100A13, S100A14, S100A15, S100A16

External links

• MeSH S100+Proteins

v • d • e Carrier protein: calcium-binding proteins
Intracellular calcium-sensing proteins	Calmodulin - Calnexin - Calreticulin - Gelsolin - neuronal (Hippocalcin, Neurocalcin, Recoverin)
Other	Annexin (A1, A2, A5) - Vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein/Calbindin - Calexcitin - Calsequestrin - Osteocalcin - Matrix gla protein - Osteonectin - S-100 - Synaptotagmin - Troponin C

v • d • e WikiDoc Research Resources for S-100 protein
Articles on S-100 protein	Most recent articles on S-100 protein • Most cited articles on S-100 protein • Review articles on S-100 protein • Articles on S-100 protein in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ
Media (Slides, Video, Images, MP3) on S-100 protein	Powerpoint slides on S-100 protein • Images of S-100 protein • Photos of S-100 protein • Podcasts & MP3s on S-100 protein • Videos on S-100 protein
Evidence Based Medicine Regarding S-100 protein	Cochrane Collaboration on S-100 protein • Bandolier on S-100 protein • TRIP on S-100 protein
Cost Effectiveness of S-100 protein	Cost Effectiveness of S-100 protein
Clinical Trials Involving S-100 protein	Ongoing Trials on S-100 protein at Clinical Trials.gov • Trial results on S-100 protein • Clinical Trials on S-100 protein at Google
Guidelines / Policies / Government Resources (FDA/CDC) Regarding S-100 protein	US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on S-100 protein • NICE Guidance on S-100 protein • NHS PRODIGY Guidance • FDA on S-100 protein • CDC on S-100 protein
Textbook Information on S-100 protein	Books and Textbook Information on S-100 protein
Pharmacology Resources on S-100 protein	Dosing of S-100 protein • Drug interactions with S-100 protein • Side effects of S-100 protein • Allergic reactions to S-100 protein • Overdose information on S-100 protein • Carcinogenicity information on S-100 protein • S-100 protein in pregnancy • Pharmacokinetics of S-100 protein •
Genetics, Pharmacogenomics, and Proteinomics of S-100 protein	Genetics of S-100 protein • Pharmacogenomics of S-100 protein • Proteomics of S-100 protein
Newstories on S-100 protein	S-100 protein in the news • Be alerted to news on S-100 protein • News trends on S-100 protein
Commentary on S-100 protein	Blogs on S-100 protein
Patient Resources on S-100 protein	Patient resources on S-100 protein • Discussion groups on S-100 protein • Patient Handouts on S-100 protein • Directions to Hospitals Treating S-100 protein • Risk calculators and risk factors for S-100 protein
Healthcare Provider Resources on S-100 protein	Symptoms of S-100 protein • Causes & Risk Factors for S-100 protein • Diagnostic studies for S-100 protein • Treatment of S-100 protein
Continuing Medical Education (CME) Programs on S-100 protein	CME Programs on S-100 protein
International Resources on S-100 protein	S-100 protein en Espanol • S-100 protein en Francais
Business Resources on S-100 protein	S-100 protein in the Marketplace • Patents on S-100 protein
Informatics Resources on S-100 protein	List of terms related to S-100 protein