Pyridine

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Overview

Pyridine is a chemical compound with the formula C5H5N. It is a liquid with a distinctively putrid, fishy odour. Pyridine is a simple and fundamentally important heterocyclic aromatic organic compound that is structurally related to benzene, wherein one CH group in the six-membered ring is replaced by a nitrogen atom. The pyridine ring occurs in many important compounds, including the nicotinamides. Pyridine is sometimes used as a ligand in coordination chemistry. As a ligand, it is usually abbreviated py.

Basicity

Pyridinium cation

Pyridine has a lone pair of electrons at the nitrogen atom. Because this lone pair is not delocalized into the aromatic pi-system, pyridine is basic with chemical properties similar to tertiary amines. The pKa of the conjugate acid is 5.30. Pyridine is protonated by reaction with acids and forms a positively charged aromatic polyatomic ion called pyridinium cation. The bond lengths and bond angles in pyridine and the pyridinium ion are almost identical[1] because protonation does not affect the aromatic pi system.

Pyridine as a solvent

Pyridine is widely used as a versatile solvent, since it is polar but aprotic. It is fully miscible with a very broad range of solvents including hexane and water. Deuterated pyridine, called pyridine-d5, is a common solvent for1H NMR spectroscopy.

Role in chemical synthesis

Pyridine is important in industrial organic chemistry, both as a fundamental building block and as a solvent and reagent in organic synthesis.[2] It is used as a solvent in Knoevenagel condensations.

Pyridine-borane, C5H5NBH3 (m.p. 10–11 °C) is a mild reducing agent with improved stability vs NaBH4 in protic solvents and improved solubility in aprotic organic solvents. Pyridine-sulfur trioxide, C5H5NSO3 (mp 175 °C) is a sulfonation agent used to convert alcohols to sulfonates, which in turn undergo C-O bond scission upon reduction with hydride agents.

It is also a starting material in the synthesis of compounds used as an intermediate in making insecticides, herbicides, pharmaceuticals, food flavorings, dyes, rubber chemicals, adhesives, paints, explosives and disinfectants. Pyridine is also used as a denaturant for antifreeze mixtures, for ethyl alcohol, and for fungicides, and as a dyeing aid for textiles.

Preparation and occurrence

Many methods exist in industry and in the laboratory (some of them named reactions) for the synthesis of pyridine and its derivatives:[3]

Organic reactions

In organic reactions pyridine behaves both as a tertiary amine with protonation, alkylation, acylation and N-oxidation at nitrogen and as an aromatic compound with Nucleophilic substitutions.

Safety and Environmental

Pyridine is toxic with LD50 in rats (oral) of 891 mg kg–1. It is volatile and can be absorbed through skin. Available data indicate that "exposure to pyridine in drinking-water led to reduction of sperm motility at all dose levels in mice and increased estrous cycle length at the highest dose level in rats".[6] Currently its evaluations as a possible carcinogenic agent showed there is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of pyridine, albeit there is limited evidence of carcinogenic effects on animals.[6] Effects of an acute pyridine intoxication include dizziness, headache, nausea and anorexia. Further symptoms include abdominal pain and pulmonary congestion.[6] Though resistant to oxidation, pyridine is readily degraded by bacteria, releasing ammonium and carbon dioxide as terminal degradation products.[7]

Related compounds

Structurally or chemically related compounds are

  • DMAP is short for 4-dimethylaminopyridine
  • Bipyridine and viologen are simple polypyridine compounds consisting of two pyridine molecules joined by a single bond
  • Terpyridine, a molecule of three pyridine rings connected together by two single bonds.
  • Quinoline and Isoquinoline have pyridine and a benzene ring fused together.
  • Aniline is a benzene derivative with an attached NH2 group and NOT a pyridine
  • Diazines are compounds with one more carbon replaced by nitrogen such as Pyrazine and Pyramidine
  • Triazines are compounds with two more carbons replaced by nitrogen and a tetrazine has four nitrogen atoms
  • 2,6-Lutidine is a trivial name for 2,6-dimethylpyridine.
  • Collidine is the trivial name for 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine.
  • Pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (PPTS) is a salt formed by proton exchange between pyridine and p-toluenesulfonic acid
  • 2-Chloropyridine is a toxic environmentally significant component of the breakdown of the pesticide imidacloprid.

See also

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References

  1. T. M. Krygowski, H. Szatyowicz, and J. E. Zachara J. Org. Chem. 2005 70(22) 8859 - 8865; doi:10.1021/jo051354h.
  2. Sherman, A. R. “Pyridine” in Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (Ed: L. Paquette) 2004, J. Wiley & Sons, New York. doi:10.1002/047084289.
  3. Gilchrist, T.L. (1997). Heterocyclic Chemistry ISBN 0470204818
  4. Ciamician-Dennstedt Rearrangement @ drugfuture.com Link
  5. Histamine Antagonists. Basically Substituted Pyridine Derivatives Charles H. Tilford, Robert S. Shelton, and M. G. van Campen J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 1948; 70(12) pp 4001 - 4009; doi:10.1021/ja01192a010
  6. 6.0 6.1 6.2 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (2000-08-22). "Pyridine Summary & Evaluation" (HTML). IARC Summaries & Evaluations. IPCS INCHEM. Retrieved 2007-01-17.
  7. Sims, G.K. and O'Loughlin, E.J. (1989). "Degradation of pyridines in the environment". CRC Critical Reviews in Environmental Control. 19 (4): 309–340.

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