Hexane
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| Hexane | |
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| Other names | n-Hexane |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | |
| RTECS number | MN9275000 |
| SMILES | CCCCCC |
| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | C6H14 |
| Molar mass | 86.18 g/mol |
| Appearance | colorless liquid |
| Density | 0.6548 g/ml, liquid |
| Melting point |
−95 °C (178 K) |
| Boiling point |
69 °C (342 K) |
| Solubility in water | immiscible |
| Viscosity | 0.294 cP at 25 °C |
| Hazards | |
| MSDS | External MSDS |
| EU classification | Flammable (F) Harmful (Xn) Repr. Cat. 3 Dangerous for the environment (N) |
| NFPA 704 |
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| R-phrases | R11, R38, R48/20, R62, R65, |
| S-phrases | (S2), S9, S16, S29, S33, S36/37, S61, S62 |
| Flash point | −23.3 °C |
| Autoignition temperature | 233.9 °C |
| Related Compounds | |
| Related alkanes | Pentane Hexanes Heptane |
| Related compounds | Cyclohexane |
| Supplementary data page | |
| Structure and properties | n, εr, etc. |
| Thermodynamic data | Phase behaviour Solid, liquid, gas |
| Spectral data | UV, IR, NMR, MS |
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references | |
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Hexane is an alkane hydrocarbon with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)4CH3. The "hex" prefix refers to its six carbons, while the "ane" ending indicates that its carbons are connected by single bonds. Hexane isomers are largely unreactive, and are frequently used as an inert solvent in organic reactions because they are very non-polar. They are also common constituents of gasoline and glues used for shoes, leather products and roofing. Additionally, it is used in solvents to extract oils for cooking and as a cleansing agent for shoe, furniture and textile manufacturing.
Isomers
Hexane has five isomers:
- Hexane, CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3, a straight chain of six carbon atoms.
- 2-Methylpentane (Isohexane), CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH3, a five-carbon chain with one methyl branch on the second.
- 3-Methylpentane, CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3, a five-carbon chain with one methyl branch on the third.
- 2,3-Dimethylbutane, CH3CH(CH3)CH(CH3)CH3, a four-carbon chain with one methyl branch on the second and third.
- 2,2-Dimethylbutane, CH3C(CH3)2CH2CH3, a four-carbon chain with two methyl branches on the second.[3]
Production
Hexane is produced by the refining of crude oil. The exact composition of the fraction depends largely on the source of the oil (crude or reformed) and the constraints of the refining. The industrial product (usually around 50% by weight of the straight-chain isomer) is the fraction boiling at 65–70 °C.
Toxicity
The acute toxicity of hexane is relatively low, although it is a mild anesthetic. Inhalation of high concentrations produces first a state of mild euphoria, followed by somnolence with headaches and nausea.
Chronic intoxication from hexane has been observed in recreational solvent abusers and in workers in the shoe manufacturing, furniture restoration and automobile construction industries. The initial symptoms are tingling and cramps in the arms and legs, followed by general muscular weakness. In severe cases, atrophy of the skeletal muscles is observed, along with a loss of coordination and problems of vision.
Similar symptoms are observed in animal models. They are associated with a degeneration of the peripheral nervous system (and eventually the central nervous system), starting with the distal portions of the longer and wider nerve axons. The toxicity is not due to hexane itself but to one of its metabolites, hexane-2,5-dione. It is believed that this reacts with the amino group of the side chain of lysine residues in proteins, causing cross-linking and a loss of protein function.
The effects of hexane poisoning in humans are uncertain. In 1994, n-hexane was included in the list of chemicals on the Toxic Release Inventory (TRI).[1] In the latter part of the 20th and early part of the 21st centuries, a number of explosions have been attributed to the combustion of hexane gas. In 2001, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency issued regulations on the control of emissions of hexane gas due to its potential carcinogenic properties and environmental concerns.[1]
See also
References
- Institut national de recherche et de sécurité. (2005). "Hexane". Fiche toxicologique n° 113, 8pp. (in French)
External links
- International Chemical Safety Card 0279 (n-hexane)
- International Chemical Safety Card 1262 (2-methylpentane)
- Material Safety Data Sheet for Hexane
- National Pollutant Inventory - n-hexane fact sheet
- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (n-hexane)
- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (hexane isomers)
- Phytochemica l database entry
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention
- Warning from National Safety Council "COMMON CHEMICAL AFFECTS AUTO MECHANICS"
- Australian National Pollutant Inventory (NPI) page
| Alkanes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Methane |
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Ethane |
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Propane |
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Butane |
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Pentane |
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Hexane | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Heptane |
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Octane |
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Nonane |
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Decane |
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Undecane |
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Dodecane |
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Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content
Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .
