Carcinoid syndrome classification
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Anum Gull M.B.B.S.[2]Parminder Dhingra, M.D. [3]
Overview
Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors are classified based on their origin from the embryonic divisions of the alimentary tract into foregut (bronchial, stomach), midgut (small intestine, appendix, cecum) and hindgut (distal colon, rectum, genitourinary) tumours.
Classification
- Gastroentero-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors are classified based on their origin from the embryonic divisions of the alimentary tract:
- Foregut (bronchial, stomach)
- Midgut (small intestine, appendix, cecum)
- Hindgut (distal colon, rectum, genitourinary)
- Gasroenteropancreatic- neuroendocrine tumor produce a number of secretory products, resulting in a wide range of clinical symptoms.[1] [2][3]
- Midgut gastrointestinal tract neuroendocrine tumors produce serotonin and other vasoactive substances that causes the manifestations of typical carcinoid syndrome.
- Lung neuroendocrine tumors produce less quantities of serotonin.
- Carcinoid syndrome is caused less commonly by lung neuroendocrine tumor and most often by tumors of large size (>5 cm).
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Foregut | Midgut | Hindgut | |
---|---|---|---|
Location | |||
Hormones produced | Variable | ||
Possibility of carcinoid syndrome | Rare, and atypical when it occurs | Classic | Rare |
References
- ↑ Büyükaşık K, Arı A, Tatar C, Akçe B, Sevinç MM, Sarı S, Paşaoğlu E, Bektaş H (2017). "Clinicopathological features of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: A retrospective evaluation of 42 cases". Turk J Surg. 33 (4): 279–283. doi:10.5152/UCD.2017.3685. PMID 29260133.
- ↑ Davies L, Weickert MO (2016). "Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours: an overview". Br J Nurs. 25 (4): S12–5. doi:10.12968/bjon.2016.25.4.S12. PMID 26911175.
- ↑ Oberg K, Castellano D (March 2011). "Current knowledge on diagnosis and staging of neuroendocrine tumors". Cancer Metastasis Rev. 30 Suppl 1: 3–7. doi:10.1007/s10555-011-9292-1. PMID 21311954.