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==Overview==
==Overview==
Risk factors for plague include living in rural areas, near animals such as rodents, or in houses where sanitation is poor. People who deal frequently with animals, such as veterinaries, are at higher risk for infection with ''[[Yersinia pestis]]''.


==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
Outbreaks in people occur in areas where housing and sanitation conditions are poor. These outbreaks can occur in rural communities or in cities. They are usually associated with infected rats and rat fleas that live in the home.
The most important factor associated with the development of plague is the exposure to infected fleas where local rodents are transmitting infection. In the United States, the highest risk of acquiring [[Yersinia pestis]] is between February and August (plague season), which corresponds to the timing of the rodent epidemics. Death of the affected rodents is also correlated with better fertility of rodent fleas which are the main vectors for the disease.<ref name="pmid19606935">{{cite journal| author=Butler T| title=Plague into the 21st century. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2009 | volume= 49 | issue= 5 | pages= 736-42 | pmid=19606935 | doi=10.1086/604718 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19606935  }} </ref>
 
Other important [[risk factor]]s for [[infection]] by [[Yersinia pestis]] include:<ref name="who">{{cite journal| author=World Health Organization| title=Plague Manual: Epidemiology, Distribution, Surveillance and Control | journal=WHO/CDS/CSR/EDC | year= 1999 | volume= | issue= 27 | url=http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/plague/WHO_CDS_CSR_EDC_99_2_EN/en/ }} </ref><ref name="pmid19606935">{{cite journal| author=Butler T| title=Plague into the 21st century. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2009 | volume= 49 | issue= 5 | pages= 736-42 | pmid=19606935 | doi=10.1086/604718 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19606935  }} </ref>
[[Image:Xenopsylla Cheopis.jpg|left|Male Xenopsylla cheopis (oriental rat flea) engorged with blood. This flea is the primary vector of plague in most large plague epidemics in Asia, Africa, and South America. Both male and female fleas can transmit the infection.]] {{-}}
* Living in endemic areas especially in warm climates
 
* Poor sanitation and living conditions
==Resources==
* Unsettled conditions of war and relocation of refugees
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/plague/prevent.htm CDC]
* People who handle infected animals (veterinaries)
* People who come in contact with infected animals (hunting, or camping)


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
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Latest revision as of 00:46, 30 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [2]

Overview

Risk factors for plague include living in rural areas, near animals such as rodents, or in houses where sanitation is poor. People who deal frequently with animals, such as veterinaries, are at higher risk for infection with Yersinia pestis.

Risk Factors

The most important factor associated with the development of plague is the exposure to infected fleas where local rodents are transmitting infection. In the United States, the highest risk of acquiring Yersinia pestis is between February and August (plague season), which corresponds to the timing of the rodent epidemics. Death of the affected rodents is also correlated with better fertility of rodent fleas which are the main vectors for the disease.[1] Other important risk factors for infection by Yersinia pestis include:[2][1]

  • Living in endemic areas especially in warm climates
  • Poor sanitation and living conditions
  • Unsettled conditions of war and relocation of refugees
  • People who handle infected animals (veterinaries)
  • People who come in contact with infected animals (hunting, or camping)

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Butler T (2009). "Plague into the 21st century". Clin Infect Dis. 49 (5): 736–42. doi:10.1086/604718. PMID 19606935.
  2. World Health Organization (1999). "Plague Manual: Epidemiology, Distribution, Surveillance and Control". WHO/CDS/CSR/EDC (27).

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