Vaginal cancer risk factors: Difference between revisions
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==Risk factors== | ==Risk factors== | ||
Clinical data has suggested that the development of vaginal cancer is related to several factors. | Clinical data has suggested that the development of [[vaginal cancer]] is related to several factors. | ||
*'''[[Vaginal adenosis]]: ''' | *'''[[Vaginal adenosis]]: ''' | ||
:* Clinical research suggest that having adenosis increases the risk of developing clear cell carcinoma. Although it is very small, many doctors feel that any woman with adenosis should have very careful screening and follow-up<ref name="pmid2680951">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vessey MP |title=Epidemiological studies of the effects of diethylstilboestrol |journal=IARC Sci. Publ. |volume= |issue=96 |pages=335–48 |date=1989 |pmid=2680951 |doi= |url=}}</ref>. | :* Clinical research suggest that having [[adenosis]] increases the risk of developing [[clear cell carcinoma]]. Although it is very small, many doctors feel that any woman with [[adenosis]] should have very careful screening and follow-up<ref name="pmid2680951">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vessey MP |title=Epidemiological studies of the effects of diethylstilboestrol |journal=IARC Sci. Publ. |volume= |issue=96 |pages=335–48 |date=1989 |pmid=2680951 |doi= |url=}}</ref>. | ||
*'''[[Cervical cancer]]: ''' | *'''[[Cervical cancer]]: ''' | ||
:* | :* Surveys show having [[cervical cancer]] increases the risk of [[vaginal]] [[squamous cell cancer]]. This is most likely because [[cervical]] and [[vaginal cancers]] have similar risk factors<ref name="pmid30539058">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jain G, Sabeena S, Vasudeva A, Mundkur A, Srinivas SP, Arunkumar G, Kumar P |title=A report of human papilloma virus-16 associated vaginal carcinoma after thirty-two years of successful radiation therapy for cervical cancer |journal=Virusdisease |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=537–539 |date=December 2018 |pmid=30539058 |doi=10.1007/s13337-018-0479-8 |url=}}</ref>. | ||
*'''[[Diethylstilbestrol]] (DES): ''' | *'''[[Diethylstilbestrol]] (DES): ''' | ||
:* Clinical data show women whose mothers took Diethylstilbestrol (DES) develop clear-cell [[adenocarcinoma]] of the vagina more often than would normally be expected. These women are called "DES daughters"<ref name="pmid28689666">{{cite journal |vauthors=Huo D, Anderson D, Palmer JR, Herbst AL |title=Incidence rates and risks of diethylstilbestrol-related clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina and cervix: Update after 40-year follow-up |journal=Gynecol. Oncol. |volume=146 |issue=3 |pages=566–571 |date=September 2017 |pmid=28689666 |doi=10.1016/j.ygyno.2017.06.028 |url=}}</ref>. | :* Clinical data show women whose mothers took [[Diethylstilbestrol]] ([[DES]]) develop [[clear-cell]] [[adenocarcinoma]] of the [[vagina]] more often than would normally be expected. These women are called "DES daughters"<ref name="pmid28689666">{{cite journal |vauthors=Huo D, Anderson D, Palmer JR, Herbst AL |title=Incidence rates and risks of diethylstilbestrol-related clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina and cervix: Update after 40-year follow-up |journal=Gynecol. Oncol. |volume=146 |issue=3 |pages=566–571 |date=September 2017 |pmid=28689666 |doi=10.1016/j.ygyno.2017.06.028 |url=}}</ref>. | ||
*'''[[Human papillomavirus]] (HPV) infection: ''' | *'''[[Human papillomavirus]] (HPV) infection: ''' | ||
:* Certain types of HPV (type 16 and 18) have been strongly associated with vaginal cancers<ref name="pmid29962490">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pham TTT, Bi X, Hoang HTT, Ishizaki A, Nguyen MTP, Nguyen CH, Nguyen HP, Pham TV, Ichimura H |title=Human Papillomavirus Genotypes and HPV16 E6/E7 Variants among Patients with Genital Cancers in Vietnam |journal=Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. |volume=71 |issue=6 |pages=419–426 |date=November 2018 |pmid=29962490 |doi=10.7883/yoken.JJID.2018.206 |url=}}</ref>. | :* Certain types of [[HPV]] (type 16 and 18) have been strongly associated with [[vaginal cancers]]<ref name="pmid29962490">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pham TTT, Bi X, Hoang HTT, Ishizaki A, Nguyen MTP, Nguyen CH, Nguyen HP, Pham TV, Ichimura H |title=Human Papillomavirus Genotypes and HPV16 E6/E7 Variants among Patients with Genital Cancers in Vietnam |journal=Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. |volume=71 |issue=6 |pages=419–426 |date=November 2018 |pmid=29962490 |doi=10.7883/yoken.JJID.2018.206 |url=}}</ref>. | ||
*'''[[HIV]] infection: ''' | *'''[[HIV]] infection: ''' | ||
:* Clinical studies show human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) also increases the risk of vaginal cancer<ref name="pmid25505037">{{cite journal |vauthors=Davies O, Rajamanoharan S, Balachandran T |title=Cervical screening in HIV-positive women in the East of England: recent CD4 as the predictive risk factor |journal=Int J STD AIDS |volume=26 |issue=13 |pages=945–50 |date=November 2015 |pmid=25505037 |doi=10.1177/0956462414563624 |url=}}</ref>. | :* Clinical studies show [[human immunodeficiency virus]] ([[HIV]]) also increases the risk of [[vaginal cancer]]<ref name="pmid25505037">{{cite journal |vauthors=Davies O, Rajamanoharan S, Balachandran T |title=Cervical screening in HIV-positive women in the East of England: recent CD4 as the predictive risk factor |journal=Int J STD AIDS |volume=26 |issue=13 |pages=945–50 |date=November 2015 |pmid=25505037 |doi=10.1177/0956462414563624 |url=}}</ref>. | ||
*'''Unhealthy lifestyle: ''' | *'''Unhealthy lifestyle: ''' | ||
:* Epidemiological research demonstrates smoking and alcohol increase the risk of vaginal cancer<ref name="pmid22366589">{{cite journal |vauthors=Santoso JT, Crigger M, English E, Wan J, Likes W |title=Smoking cessation counseling in women with genital intraepithelial neoplasia |journal=Gynecol. Oncol. |volume=125 |issue=3 |pages=716–9 |date=June 2012 |pmid=22366589 |doi=10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.02.018 |url=}}</ref>. | :* Epidemiological research demonstrates [[smoking]] and [[alcohol]] increase the risk of [[vaginal cancer]]<ref name="pmid22366589">{{cite journal |vauthors=Santoso JT, Crigger M, English E, Wan J, Likes W |title=Smoking cessation counseling in women with genital intraepithelial neoplasia |journal=Gynecol. Oncol. |volume=125 |issue=3 |pages=716–9 |date=June 2012 |pmid=22366589 |doi=10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.02.018 |url=}}</ref>. | ||
*'''Age: ''' | *'''Age: ''' | ||
:* Approximately 85 percent of the cases of vaginal cancer occur in women who are over the age of 40, and nearly 50 percent of cases occur in women age 70 or older<ref name="pmid24423603">{{cite journal |vauthors=Strander B, Hällgren J, Sparén P |title=Effect of ageing on cervical or vaginal cancer in Swedish women previously treated for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3: population based cohort study of long term incidence and mortality |journal=BMJ |volume=348 |issue= |pages=f7361 |date=January 2014 |pmid=24423603 |pmc=3898577 |doi=10.1136/bmj.f7361 |url=}}</ref>. | :* Approximately 85 percent of the cases of [[vaginal cancer]] occur in women who are over the age of 40, and nearly 50 percent of cases occur in women age 70 or older<ref name="pmid24423603">{{cite journal |vauthors=Strander B, Hällgren J, Sparén P |title=Effect of ageing on cervical or vaginal cancer in Swedish women previously treated for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3: population based cohort study of long term incidence and mortality |journal=BMJ |volume=348 |issue= |pages=f7361 |date=January 2014 |pmid=24423603 |pmc=3898577 |doi=10.1136/bmj.f7361 |url=}}</ref>. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 12:29, 6 February 2019
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Syed Musadiq Ali M.B.B.S.[2]
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Overview
The risk factors of vaginal cancer may include vaginal adenosis, cervical cancer, diethylstilbestrol, human papillomavirus infection, HIV infection, unhealthy lifestyle, and age.
Risk factors
Clinical data has suggested that the development of vaginal cancer is related to several factors.
- Clinical research suggest that having adenosis increases the risk of developing clear cell carcinoma. Although it is very small, many doctors feel that any woman with adenosis should have very careful screening and follow-up[1].
- Surveys show having cervical cancer increases the risk of vaginal squamous cell cancer. This is most likely because cervical and vaginal cancers have similar risk factors[2].
- Diethylstilbestrol (DES):
- Clinical data show women whose mothers took Diethylstilbestrol (DES) develop clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina more often than would normally be expected. These women are called "DES daughters"[3].
- Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection:
- Certain types of HPV (type 16 and 18) have been strongly associated with vaginal cancers[4].
- HIV infection:
- Clinical studies show human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) also increases the risk of vaginal cancer[5].
- Unhealthy lifestyle:
- Epidemiological research demonstrates smoking and alcohol increase the risk of vaginal cancer[6].
- Age:
- Approximately 85 percent of the cases of vaginal cancer occur in women who are over the age of 40, and nearly 50 percent of cases occur in women age 70 or older[7].
References
- ↑ Vessey MP (1989). "Epidemiological studies of the effects of diethylstilboestrol". IARC Sci. Publ. (96): 335–48. PMID 2680951.
- ↑ Jain G, Sabeena S, Vasudeva A, Mundkur A, Srinivas SP, Arunkumar G, Kumar P (December 2018). "A report of human papilloma virus-16 associated vaginal carcinoma after thirty-two years of successful radiation therapy for cervical cancer". Virusdisease. 29 (4): 537–539. doi:10.1007/s13337-018-0479-8. PMID 30539058.
- ↑ Huo D, Anderson D, Palmer JR, Herbst AL (September 2017). "Incidence rates and risks of diethylstilbestrol-related clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina and cervix: Update after 40-year follow-up". Gynecol. Oncol. 146 (3): 566–571. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2017.06.028. PMID 28689666.
- ↑ Pham T, Bi X, Hoang H, Ishizaki A, Nguyen M, Nguyen CH, Nguyen HP, Pham TV, Ichimura H (November 2018). "Human Papillomavirus Genotypes and HPV16 E6/E7 Variants among Patients with Genital Cancers in Vietnam". Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. 71 (6): 419–426. doi:10.7883/yoken.JJID.2018.206. PMID 29962490. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
- ↑ Davies O, Rajamanoharan S, Balachandran T (November 2015). "Cervical screening in HIV-positive women in the East of England: recent CD4 as the predictive risk factor". Int J STD AIDS. 26 (13): 945–50. doi:10.1177/0956462414563624. PMID 25505037.
- ↑ Santoso JT, Crigger M, English E, Wan J, Likes W (June 2012). "Smoking cessation counseling in women with genital intraepithelial neoplasia". Gynecol. Oncol. 125 (3): 716–9. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.02.018. PMID 22366589.
- ↑ Strander B, Hällgren J, Sparén P (January 2014). "Effect of ageing on cervical or vaginal cancer in Swedish women previously treated for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3: population based cohort study of long term incidence and mortality". BMJ. 348: f7361. doi:10.1136/bmj.f7361. PMC 3898577. PMID 24423603.