Thyroid nodule epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
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==== Prevalence ==== | ==== Prevalence ==== | ||
Thyroid nodules are common, their prevalence being largely dependent on the identification method.<ref name="pmid8885814">{{cite journal |vauthors=Singer PA, Cooper DS, Daniels GH, Ladenson PW, Greenspan FS, Levy EG, Braverman LE, Clark OH, McDougall IR, Ain KV, Dorfman SG |title=Treatment guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and well-differentiated thyroid cancer. American Thyroid Association |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=156 |issue=19 |pages=2165–72 |year=1996 |pmid=8885814 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | Thyroid nodules are common, their prevalence being largely dependent on the identification method.<ref name="pmid8885814">{{cite journal |vauthors=Singer PA, Cooper DS, Daniels GH, Ladenson PW, Greenspan FS, Levy EG, Braverman LE, Clark OH, McDougall IR, Ain KV, Dorfman SG |title=Treatment guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and well-differentiated thyroid cancer. American Thyroid Association |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=156 |issue=19 |pages=2165–72 |year=1996 |pmid=8885814 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
In United States, the prevalence of thyroid nodule detected by palpation alone ranges from a low of 4,000 per 100,000 persons to a high of 7,000 per 100,000 persons, while the prevalence of thyroid nodule detected by ultrasound ranges from a low of 20,000 per 100,000 persons to a high of 76,000 per 100,000 persons. | In United States, the prevalence of thyroid nodule detected by palpation alone ranges from a low of 4,000 per 100,000 persons to a high of 7,000 per 100,000 persons, while the prevalence of thyroid nodule detected by ultrasound ranges from a low of 20,000 per 100,000 persons to a high of 76,000 per 100,000 persons. In United States, the prevalence of thyroid nodule detected by surgery or autopsy ranges from a low of 50,000 per 100,000 persons to a high of 65,000 per 100,000 persons, that correlate more with the prevalence detected by ultrasound.<ref name="pmid25041951">{{cite journal |vauthors=Davies L, Randolph G |title=Evidence-based evaluation of the thyroid nodule |journal=Otolaryngol. Clin. North Am. |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=461–74 |year=2014 |pmid=25041951 |doi=10.1016/j.otc.2014.04.008 |url=}}</ref> | ||
In United States, the prevalence of thyroid nodule detected by surgery or autopsy ranges from a low of 50,000 per 100,000 persons to a high of 65,000 per 100,000 persons, that correlate more with the prevalence detected by ultrasound.<ref name="pmid25041951">{{cite journal |vauthors=Davies L, Randolph G |title=Evidence-based evaluation of the thyroid nodule |journal=Otolaryngol. Clin. North Am. |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=461–74 |year=2014 |pmid=25041951 |doi=10.1016/j.otc.2014.04.008 |url=}}</ref> | |||
Worldwide, the prevalence of palpable thyroid nodule is approximately 5,000 per 100,000 in women and 1,000 per 100,000 in men living in iodine-sufficient parts of the world, and the prevalence of ultrasound detected thyroid nodules ranges from as low as 19,000 per 100,000 to as high as 68,000 per 100,000. | Worldwide, the prevalence of palpable thyroid nodule is approximately 5,000 per 100,000 in women and 1,000 per 100,000 in men living in iodine-sufficient parts of the world, and the prevalence of ultrasound detected thyroid nodules ranges from as low as 19,000 per 100,000 to as high as 68,000 per 100,000. | ||
In the United States, 4 to 7 percent of the adult population have a palpable thyroid nodule | In the United States, 4 to 7 percent of the adult population have a palpable thyroid nodule | ||
==== Age ==== | ==== Age ==== | ||
Thyroid nodules commonly affects individuals younger than 20 and older than 50 years of age.<ref name="pmid27532827">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vaccarella S, Franceschi S, Bray F, Wild CP, Plummer M, Dal Maso L |title=Worldwide Thyroid-Cancer Epidemic? The Increasing Impact of Overdiagnosis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=375 |issue=7 |pages=614–7 |year=2016 |pmid=27532827 |doi=10.1056/NEJMp1604412 |url=}}</ref> | Thyroid nodules commonly affects individuals younger than 20 and older than 50 years of age.<ref name="pmid27532827">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vaccarella S, Franceschi S, Bray F, Wild CP, Plummer M, Dal Maso L |title=Worldwide Thyroid-Cancer Epidemic? The Increasing Impact of Overdiagnosis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=375 |issue=7 |pages=614–7 |year=2016 |pmid=27532827 |doi=10.1056/NEJMp1604412 |url=}}</ref> There is no association between the thyroid cancer development in a previous patient with the thyroid nodule and the age. <ref name="pmid11600519">{{cite journal |vauthors=Corrias A, Einaudi S, Chiorboli E, Weber G, Crinò A, Andreo M, Cesaretti G, de Sanctis L, Messina MF, Segni M, Cicchetti M, Vigone M, Pasquino AM, Spera S, de Luca F, Mussa GC, Bona G |title=Accuracy of fine needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules in detecting malignancy in childhood: comparison with conventional clinical, laboratory, and imaging approaches |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=86 |issue=10 |pages=4644–8 |year=2001 |pmid=11600519 |doi=10.1210/jcem.86.10.7950 |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid24596718">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vasudev V, A L H, B R, S G |title=Efficacy and Pitfalls of FNAC of Thyroid Lesions in Children and Adolescents |journal=J Clin Diagn Res |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=35–8 |year=2014 |pmid=24596718 |pmc=3939581 |doi=10.7860/JCDR/2014/6718.3913 |url=}}</ref> | ||
There is no association between the thyroid cancer development in a previous patient with the thyroid nodule and the age. <ref name="pmid11600519">{{cite journal |vauthors=Corrias A, Einaudi S, Chiorboli E, Weber G, Crinò A, Andreo M, Cesaretti G, de Sanctis L, Messina MF, Segni M, Cicchetti M, Vigone M, Pasquino AM, Spera S, de Luca F, Mussa GC, Bona G |title=Accuracy of fine needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules in detecting malignancy in childhood: comparison with conventional clinical, laboratory, and imaging approaches |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=86 |issue=10 |pages=4644–8 |year=2001 |pmid=11600519 |doi=10.1210/jcem.86.10.7950 |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid24596718">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vasudev V, A L H, B R, S G |title=Efficacy and Pitfalls of FNAC of Thyroid Lesions in Children and Adolescents |journal=J Clin Diagn Res |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=35–8 |year=2014 |pmid=24596718 |pmc=3939581 |doi=10.7860/JCDR/2014/6718.3913 |url=}}</ref> | |||
==== Sex ==== | ==== Sex ==== | ||
Females are more commonly affected with thyroid nodules than males. The female to male ratio is approximately 5 to 1. | Females are more commonly affected with thyroid nodules than males. The female to male ratio is approximately 5 to 1. Males are more commonly affected with aggressive thyroid neoplasms and have a more fatality rate than women. Females are more commonly affected with follicular thyroid lesions than males.<ref name="pmid24857573">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mathur A, Olson MT, Zeiger MA |title=Follicular lesions of the thyroid |journal=Surg. Clin. North Am. |volume=94 |issue=3 |pages=499–513 |year=2014 |pmid=24857573 |doi=10.1016/j.suc.2014.02.005 |url=}}</ref> | ||
Males are more commonly affected with aggressive thyroid neoplasms and have a more fatality rate than women. | ==== Developed and Developing countries ==== | ||
Females are more commonly affected with follicular thyroid lesions than males.<ref name="pmid24857573">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mathur A, Olson MT, Zeiger MA |title=Follicular lesions of the thyroid |journal=Surg. Clin. North Am. |volume=94 |issue=3 |pages=499–513 |year=2014 |pmid=24857573 |doi=10.1016/j.suc.2014.02.005 |url=}}</ref> | 2 to 4 per 100,000 people per year, constituting only 1 percent of all cancers and 0.5 percent of all cancer deaths.<ref name="pmid12588812">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hegedüs L, Bonnema SJ, Bennedbaek FN |title=Management of simple nodular goiter: current status and future perspectives |journal=Endocr. Rev. |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=102–32 |year=2003 |pmid=12588812 |doi=10.1210/er.2002-0016 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10865037">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wong CK, Wheeler MH |title=Thyroid nodules: rational management |journal=World J Surg |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=934–41 |year=2000 |pmid=10865037 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
==== Developed | |||
2 to 4 per 100,000 people per year, constituting only 1 percent of all cancers and 0.5 percent of all cancer deaths. | |||
<ref name="pmid12588812">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hegedüs L, Bonnema SJ, Bennedbaek FN |title=Management of simple nodular goiter: current status and future perspectives |journal=Endocr. Rev. |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=102–32 |year=2003 |pmid=12588812 |doi=10.1210/er.2002-0016 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10865037">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wong CK, Wheeler MH |title=Thyroid nodules: rational management |journal=World J Surg |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=934–41 |year=2000 |pmid=10865037 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mahshid Mir, M.D. [2]
Overview
Epidemiology and Demographics
Incidence
The incidence of thyroid cancer is estimated to be 48,288 cases annually in United states. Worldwide, the incidence of thyroid cancer ranges from a low of 40,000 per 100,000 persons to a high of 71,000 per 100,000 persons with an average incidence of 50,000 per 100,000 persons. There is a large increase worldwide in the incidence of thyroid cancers. It is likely to be due to: [1][2]
- The use of head and neck external beam radiation, commonly used to treat benign childhood conditions between 1910 and 1960
- The increased detection of small papillary cancers secondary to more widespread use of neck ultrasonography and fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of very small thyroid nodules
In developed countries, the prevalence of papillary thyroid cancer ranges from a low of 4.8 per 100,000 persons to a high of 14.9 per 100,000 persons with an average prevalence of 10 per 100,000 persons.
Race
There is a large increase worldwide in the incidence of thyroid cancers. The largest increase in thyroid cancer incidence has been observed in South Korea: In 1993-1997, the incidence of thyroid cancer was estimated to be 12.2 cases per 100,000 individuals, while in 2003-2007, the incidence of thyroid cancer increased and was estimated to be 59.9 cases per 100,000 individuals. Thyroid cancer is recognized as the most common cancer among women in South Korea.[3]
Prevalence
Thyroid nodules are common, their prevalence being largely dependent on the identification method.[4] In United States, the prevalence of thyroid nodule detected by palpation alone ranges from a low of 4,000 per 100,000 persons to a high of 7,000 per 100,000 persons, while the prevalence of thyroid nodule detected by ultrasound ranges from a low of 20,000 per 100,000 persons to a high of 76,000 per 100,000 persons. In United States, the prevalence of thyroid nodule detected by surgery or autopsy ranges from a low of 50,000 per 100,000 persons to a high of 65,000 per 100,000 persons, that correlate more with the prevalence detected by ultrasound.[5] Worldwide, the prevalence of palpable thyroid nodule is approximately 5,000 per 100,000 in women and 1,000 per 100,000 in men living in iodine-sufficient parts of the world, and the prevalence of ultrasound detected thyroid nodules ranges from as low as 19,000 per 100,000 to as high as 68,000 per 100,000. In the United States, 4 to 7 percent of the adult population have a palpable thyroid nodule
Age
Thyroid nodules commonly affects individuals younger than 20 and older than 50 years of age.[2] There is no association between the thyroid cancer development in a previous patient with the thyroid nodule and the age. [6] [7]
Sex
Females are more commonly affected with thyroid nodules than males. The female to male ratio is approximately 5 to 1. Males are more commonly affected with aggressive thyroid neoplasms and have a more fatality rate than women. Females are more commonly affected with follicular thyroid lesions than males.[8]
Developed and Developing countries
2 to 4 per 100,000 people per year, constituting only 1 percent of all cancers and 0.5 percent of all cancer deaths.[9][10]
References
- ↑ Davies L, Welch HG (2014). "Current thyroid cancer trends in the United States". JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 140 (4): 317–22. doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2014.1. PMID 24557566.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Vaccarella S, Franceschi S, Bray F, Wild CP, Plummer M, Dal Maso L (2016). "Worldwide Thyroid-Cancer Epidemic? The Increasing Impact of Overdiagnosis". N. Engl. J. Med. 375 (7): 614–7. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1604412. PMID 27532827.
- ↑ Vaccarella S, Dal Maso L, Laversanne M, Bray F, Plummer M, Franceschi S (2015). "The Impact of Diagnostic Changes on the Rise in Thyroid Cancer Incidence: A Population-Based Study in Selected High-Resource Countries". Thyroid. 25 (10): 1127–36. doi:10.1089/thy.2015.0116. PMID 26133012.
- ↑ Singer PA, Cooper DS, Daniels GH, Ladenson PW, Greenspan FS, Levy EG, Braverman LE, Clark OH, McDougall IR, Ain KV, Dorfman SG (1996). "Treatment guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and well-differentiated thyroid cancer. American Thyroid Association". Arch. Intern. Med. 156 (19): 2165–72. PMID 8885814.
- ↑ Davies L, Randolph G (2014). "Evidence-based evaluation of the thyroid nodule". Otolaryngol. Clin. North Am. 47 (4): 461–74. doi:10.1016/j.otc.2014.04.008. PMID 25041951.
- ↑ Corrias A, Einaudi S, Chiorboli E, Weber G, Crinò A, Andreo M, Cesaretti G, de Sanctis L, Messina MF, Segni M, Cicchetti M, Vigone M, Pasquino AM, Spera S, de Luca F, Mussa GC, Bona G (2001). "Accuracy of fine needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules in detecting malignancy in childhood: comparison with conventional clinical, laboratory, and imaging approaches". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86 (10): 4644–8. doi:10.1210/jcem.86.10.7950. PMID 11600519.
- ↑ Vasudev V, A L H, B R, S G (2014). "Efficacy and Pitfalls of FNAC of Thyroid Lesions in Children and Adolescents". J Clin Diagn Res. 8 (1): 35–8. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2014/6718.3913. PMC 3939581. PMID 24596718. Vancouver style error: name (help)
- ↑ Mathur A, Olson MT, Zeiger MA (2014). "Follicular lesions of the thyroid". Surg. Clin. North Am. 94 (3): 499–513. doi:10.1016/j.suc.2014.02.005. PMID 24857573.
- ↑ Hegedüs L, Bonnema SJ, Bennedbaek FN (2003). "Management of simple nodular goiter: current status and future perspectives". Endocr. Rev. 24 (1): 102–32. doi:10.1210/er.2002-0016. PMID 12588812.
- ↑ Wong CK, Wheeler MH (2000). "Thyroid nodules: rational management". World J Surg. 24 (8): 934–41. PMID 10865037.