Scrotal mass differential diagnosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Preeti Singh, M.B.B.S.[2]

Overview

Scrotal masses may be differentiated according to clinical features, laboratory findings, imaging features, histological features, and genetic studies from other diseases that cause testicular mass with discomfort, back pain, abdominal discomfort, or abdominal mass. Common differential diagnoses include yolk sac tumor, teratoma, choriocarcinoma, embryonal cell carcinoma, seminoma, and testicular lymphoma (usually non-Hodgkin lymphoma).

Differential Diagnosis

The table below summarizes the findings that differentiates scrotal mass according to the clinical features, laboratory findings, imaging features, histological features, and genetic studies.

Scrotal Swelling Diseases Clinical manifestations Para-clinical findings Gold standard Associated
Painful Symptoms Physical examination
Lab Findings Past Medical History Histopathology
Unilateral /Bilateral swelling Onset Fever Urinary symptoms Tenderness Erythema Discharge Inguinal Lymphadenopathy Cremasteric Reflex Blood/Urine Analysis Doppler U/S
Epididymitis[1][2]
[3][4][5][6][7][8]
Unilateral Gradual ± Dysuria, frequency, and/or urgency + - Pyuria

Bacteriuria

Painful local lymphadenopathy +
  • CBC-Leukocytosis
  • Urine culture (pre-pubertal and elderly)
  • NAAT
  • Immunofluorescent antibody testing
  • Decreased epididymal blood flow
Orchitis

(Mumps)[9][10][11][12]
[13][8][7][14]

Bilateral Abrupt ± Dysuria + - ± Painful local lymphadenopathy +
  • CBC-Leukocytosis
  • raised CRP
  • Immunofluorescent antibody testing
  • Urine analysis and culture - normal
  • Increased blood flow in affected side.
  • Tubules are infiltration with neutrophiles, lymphocytes and cells resembling histiocytes
  • Microscopic destruction of spermatogenic cells
  • RT‐PCR
  • Serum immunofluorescence antibody testing.
  • Phen sign +ve
  • Testicular atrophy
  • Infertility
Testicular Torsion[15][16][17][18][19][7] Unilateral Sudden - - + + Blood in semen may be present Absent - Normal
  • Absent or decreased arterial perfusion of the testis
  • In the first 4 hours: testicular parenchyma shows edema and and desquamation of the germ cells
  • 4-8 hours partial necrosis of germ cells.
  • >24 hrs: necrosis
Phen sign +ve
Hematocele[20][21]
[22][23][24]
Unilateral or bilateral Sudden - + + Blood in semen Absent
  • Ultrasonography: to check for testicular rupture.
Incarcerated Hernia[25][26] Unilateral Sudden + Absent + + - Absent + Normal Normal - -
  • Groin ultrasound or CT scan show presence of bowel and omentum.
Valsalva maneuvers performed while palpating the inguinal canal will push a hernia against the examiner's finger.
Brucellosis[27][28][29][30] Unilateral or Bilateral Sudden ± Dysuria - - ± Painful local lymphadenopathy +
  • CBC-Leukocytosis
  • raised CRP
  • Immunofluorescent antibody testing
  • Urine analysis and culture - normal
Increased blood flow in affected side -
  • Culture of the organism from blood.
Antibodies are detected using:
  • Serum agglutination (standard tube agglutination)
  • Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
  • Rose Bengal agglutination
  • Coombs test
  • Immunocapture agglutination (Brucellacapt)
  • 2-mercaptoethanol agglutination
Torsion of the appendix testis Unilateral or Bilateral Sudden - Absent + - - Absent + Normal
  • Normal blood flow to the testis with an occasional increase on the affected side
-
  • In the first 4 hours: testicular appendages shows edema and and desquamation.
  • 4-8 hours partial necrosis of appendix cells.
  • >24 hrs: necrosis
  • scrotal ultrasound shows the torsed appendage as a lesion of low echogenicity with a central hypoechogenic area.
Scrotal wall mayshow the classical "blue dot" sign, which is due to infarction and necrosis of the appendix testis
Henoch-Schonlein purpura[31][32][33][34] Unilateral Sudden - - + + - - -
  • Serum IgA levels are elevated
  • Elevated ESR
-
  • Sore throat 2-3 weeks back
  • Light microscopy shows leukocytoclastic vasculitis in postcapillary venules with IgA deposition
Biopsy
  • Palpable purpura
  • Age at onset is less than 20 years
  • Acute abdominal pain
Fournier's gangrene Bilateral Sudden + - + + - - +
  • Leukocytosis
  • Acidosis
  • Elevated ESR and CRP
  • Blood cultures are positive in majority of patient for streptococcus.
- - - Computed tomography (CT) scan shows most useful finding is presence of gas in soft tissues.
  • Patient show signs of tense edema outside the involved skin, blisters, bullae, crepitus, and subcutaneous gas.
Scrotal Swelling Diseases Unilateral /Bilateral swelling Onset Fever Urinary symptoms Tenderness Erythema Discharge Inguinal Lymphadenopathy Cremasteric Reflex Blood/Urine Analysis Doppler U/S Past Medical History Histopathology Gold standard Additional findings
Painless Fragile X Macroorchidism Bilateral Gradual - Absent - - + Absent + Normal - - Increased volume of testis FMR1 DNA analysis
  • Long and narrow face with prominent forehead and chin (prognathism)
  • Large ears
  • Intellectual Disability
Testicular Tumors Unilateral or bilateral Gradual ± ± + Present +
  • Increased serum beta-hCG or alpha fetoprotien (AFP)
- - Seminoma shows findings such as: Biopsy
Hydrocele[35] Bilateral Gradual - Absent - - - Absent + - Normal - - Ultrasound:

simple fluid collection

Transillumination test is positive
Varicocele[36] Unilateral

(Mainly left)

Gradual Local warmth Absent - ± - Absent +
  • Elevations in unstimulated luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone levels may be seen in when associated with infertility in adults
  • Thrombosis of Inferiror vena cava

●Thrombosis of Right renal vein

●Abdominal mass

- Ultrasonography:

tortuous, tubular, anechoic structures adjacent to the testis corresponding to dilated veins of the pampiniform plexus with calibers of 2–3 mm during the Valsalva maneuver

  • Infertility
Spermatocele[37] Unilateral Gradual - - - - - Absent + -
  • Falling snow, resulting from internal echoes moving away from the transducer
  • Epididymitis
  • Trauma
  • Epididymal scarring is seen
Ultrasonography:

hypoechoic with posterior acoustic enhancement

Transillumination test is positive
Inguino-scrotal hernia[38][25] - - Absent
Scrotal edema Bilateral and can extend to perineum Gradual - - - - - Absent +
  • Deep Vein Thrombosis
  • Nephrotic Syndrome
  • Hepatic Cirrhosis
  • Insect Bite
- Kidney or Liver biopsy Occurs between 4-12 years of age.
Sebaceous cyst Unilateral Gradual - - - - - Absent + - Normal -
  • Fibrous tissues and fluids
  • A fatty,(keratinous), substance that resembles cottage cheese,.
  • A viscous, serosanguinous fluid (containing purulent and bloody material).
Histological examination
  • Freely movable on palpation.
Carcinoma of the scrotum - Gradual - - - - - Absent + - Normal -
  • keratinocytic dysplasia involving the full thickness of the epidermis without infiltration of atypical cells into the dermis.
  • The keratinocytes are pleomorphic with hyperchromatic nuclei
  • Numerous mitoses are present.
Biopsy
  • Scaly patch or plaque is seen over the testis.
Chylocele (Filariasis) Unilateral or Bilateral Gradually/Rapidly + - - - - Absent +
  • Circulating filarial antigen (CFA) assays are positve
  • Lymphatics containing worms can be differentiated from the blood vessels by irregular movement
- - CFA assay
  • Ultrasound demonstrates living worms which has been described as "filarial dance" sign.
Scrotoliths Unilateral Gradual - - - - - Absent + - Normal
  • Trauma
  • Torsion of appendix
- Ultrasound
  • Ultrasound shows mobile hyperechoic extratesticular focus in the potential tunica space.

References

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