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| ==Overview== | | ==Overview== |
| ==Causes== | | ==Causes== |
| There is no clear obvious cause for scleroderma and systemic sclerosis. [[Genetic predisposition]] appears to be limited: [[Concordance (genetics)|genetic concordance]] is small; still, there often is a [[familial]] predisposition for [[autoimmune disease]]. [[Polymorphism]]s in ''COL1A2'' and ''[[TGF beta 1|TGF-β1]]'' may influence severity and development of the disease. There is limited evidence implicating [[cytomegalovirus]] (CMV) as the original epitope of the [[immune reaction]], and [[organic solvent]]s and other chemical agents have been linked with scleroderma.<ref name="pmid14706971">{{cite journal |author=Jimenez SA, Derk CT |title=Following the molecular pathways toward an understanding of the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis |journal=[[Annals of Internal Medicine]] |volume=140 |issue=1 |pages=37–50 |year=2004 |month=January |pmid=14706971 |doi= |url=http://www.annals.org/article.aspx?volume=140&page=37 |accessdate=2012-08-30}}</ref>
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| One of the suspected mechanisms behind the autoimmune phenomenon is the existence of microchimerism, i.e. fetal cells circulating in maternal blood, triggering an immune reaction to what is perceived as "foreign" material.<ref name=Bianchi>{{cite journal |author=Bianchi DW |title=Fetomaternal cell trafficking: a new cause of disease? |journal=Am. J. Med. Genet. |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=22-8 |year=2000 |pmid=10751084 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14706971">{{cite journal |author=Jimenez SA, Derk CT |title=Following the molecular pathways toward an understanding of the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis |journal=[[Annals of Internal Medicine]] |volume=140 |issue=1 |pages=37–50 |year=2004 |month=January |pmid=14706971 |doi= |url=http://www.annals.org/article.aspx?volume=140&page=37 |accessdate=2012-08-30}}</ref>
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| A distinct form of scleroderma and systemic sclerosis may develop in patients with [[chronic renal failure]]. This entity, [[nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy]] or [[nephrogenic systemic fibrosis]],<ref>{{cite journal |author=Galan A, Cowper SE, Bucala R |title=Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy) |journal=Current opinion in rheumatology |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=614-7 |year=2006 |pmid=17053507 |doi=10.1097/01.bor.0000245725.94887.8d}}</ref> has been linked to the exposure to [[gadolinium]]-containing [[radiocontrast]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Boyd AS, Zic JA, Abraham JL |title=Gadolinium deposition in nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy |journal=J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=27-30 |year=2007 |pmid=17109993 |doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2006.10.048}}</ref>
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| [[Bleomycin]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sharma SK, Handa R, Sood R, ''et al'' |title=Bleomycin-induced scleroderma |journal=The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India |volume=52 |issue= |pages=76-7 |year=2004 |pmid=15633728 |doi=}}</ref> (a chemotherapeutic agent) and possibly [[taxane]] [[chemotherapy]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Farrant PB, Mortimer PS, Gore M |title=Scleroderma and the taxanes. Is there really a link? |journal=Clin. Exp. Dermatol. |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=360-2 |year=2004 |pmid=15245529 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2230.2004.01519.x}}</ref> may cause scleroderma, and occupational exposure to [[solvent]]s has been linked with an increased risk of systemic sclerosis.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kettaneh A, Al Moufti O, Tiev KP, ''et al'' |title=Occupational exposure to solvents and gender-related risk of systemic sclerosis: a metaanalysis of case-control studies |journal=J. Rheumatol. |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=97-103 |year=2007 |pmid=17117485 |doi=}}</ref>
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| ==References== | | ==References== |
| {{Reflist|2}} | | {{Reflist|2}} |
| [[Category:Rheumatology]] | | [[Category:Rheumatology]] |