Sandbox:Javaria

Abbreviations: ACS: Acute coronary syndrome; AAA: Abdominal aortic aneurysm; RUQ: Right upper quadrant; RLQ: Right lower quadrant; LUQ: Left upper quadrant; LLQ: Left lower quadrant

Abdominal mass Associated pain: ❑ Site (eg, a particular quadrant or diffuse, a change in location may reflect progression of the disease ❑ Onset (eg, sudden, gradual) ❑ Quality (eg, dull, sharp, colicky, waxing and waning) ❑ Aggravating and relieving factors (e.g, Is the pain related to your meals?) ❑ Intensity (scale of 0-10/ 0-5 with the maximum number; 10/5 being the worst pain of life) ❑ Time course (eg, hours versus weeks, constant or intermittent) ❑ Radiation (eg, to the shoulder, back, flank, groin, or chest) Associated symptoms ❑ Shortness of breath ❑ Altered mental status ❑ Nausea & vomiting ❑ Diaphoresis ❑ Fever ❑ Hematuria ❑ Anorexia ❑ Bloody stool ❑ Weight loss ❑ Jaundice ❑ Fatigue ❑ Recent trauma ❑ Symptoms suggestive of sepsis Detailed history: ❑ Age (Patients above 50 years old are more likely to have severe diseases or cancers, such as ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm or colon cancer) ❑ Past medical history (Hep B, hep C, NASH, alcoholic hep all predispose to HCC) ❑ Past surgical history (for previous abdominal surgeries) ❑ Menstrual and contraceptive history (pregnancy should be excluded in all women of childbearing age with abdominal mass) ❑ Social history (alcohol abuse predispose to pancreatitis and hepatitis, smoking also predisposes to AAA and cancers, e.g. bladder cancer) ❑ Occupational history (exposure to chemicals or toxins) ❑ Travel history (recent foreign travel/ drinking of unfiltered water increases risk for echinococcus or entamoeba infection). ❑ Family history (polycystic kidney disease ❑ Medications (30 and 50 years old women with longstanding OCP use, may suspect hepatic adenoma

Examine the patient: ❑ Vital signs ❑ Temperature (fever may point to abscess or other infectious causes of mass ❑ Heart rate (tachycardia) ❑ Blood pressure (hypotension) ❑ Respiratory rate (tachypnea) ❑ Skin ❑ Diaphoresis ❑ Pallor ❑ Jaundice ❑ Dehydration ❑ Inspection ❑ If the patient is lying still in bed with knees bent, this is suggestive of organ rupture and resulting peritonitis ❑ Signs of previous surgery ❑ Abdominal pulsations ❑ Signs of systemic disease e.g. ❑ Pallor, suggestive of bleeding ❑ Spider angiomata, suggestive of cirrhosis ❑ Auscultation ❑ Abdominal crepitations ❑ Reduced bowel sounds ❑ Bruit, suggestive of abdominal aortic aneurysm ❑ Palpation ❑ Rigidity ❑ Guarding ❑ Abdominal tenderness ❑ Distension ❑ Detection of masses on palpating the abdomen ❑ Carnett's sign ❑ Pelvic exam in females ❑ Testicular examination in males ❑ Cardiovascular system ❑ Respiratory system ❑ Anorectal (bleeding) ❑ Signs of sepsis: tachycardia, decreased urination, and hyperglycemia, confusion, metabolic acidosis with compensatory respiratory alkalosis, hypotension, decreased systemic vascular resistance, and coagulation dysfunctions

Consider extraabdominal differential diagnosis: ❑ aaaa

❑ Assess hemodynamic stability

If the patient is unstable, Stabilize the patient: ❑ Establish two large-bore intravenous peripheral lines ❑ NPO until the patient is stable ❑ Supportive care (fluids and electrolyes as required) ❑ Place nasogastric tube if there is bleeding, obstruction, significant nausea or vomiting ❑ Place foley catheter to monitor volume status ❑ Cardiac monitoring ❑ Supplemental oxygen as needed ❑ Administer early antibiotics if indicated

If the patient is stable, Order laboratory tests: ❑ Pregnancy test (required in women of child-bearing age) ❑ CBC, Hematocrit ❑ Urinalysis ❑ESR ❑ ABG ❑ D dimer ❑ Serum lactate ❑ BMP (urea, creatinine, serum electrolytes, BSL) ❑ Amylase ❑ Lipase ❑ Triglyceride ❑Liver function tests (total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, albumin, AST, ALT, Alkaline phosphatase, GGT) Order imaging studies: ❑ Order urgent trans abdominal ultrasound (TAUSG) ❑ Abdominal CT ❑ ECG ❑ MRCP ❑ Abdominal x-ray ❑ Angiography ❑ Diagnostic paracentesis *Order the tests to rule in a suspected diagnosis or to assess a case of unclear etiology *In case of elderly patients, immunocompromised or those unable to provide a comprehensive history, order broader range of tests

Signs of peritonitis or shock ❑ Fever ❑ Abdominal tenderness ❑ Abdominal gaurding ❑ Rebound tenderness (blumberg sign) ❑ Diffuse abdominal rigidity ❑ Confusion ❑ Weakness ❑ Low blood pressure ❑ Decreased urine output ❑ Tachycardia

No

Yes

Table illustrates common imaging findings and management of stabke abdominal masses.

Cause of abdominal mass	CT scan	Ultrasound	MRI	PET scan	Management
Hepatic cyst	Reserved for more complicated cases. For more information click here	Most useful initial test. Assess cyst size, type, location within the liver, type, and anatomic relations with surroundings. Follow-up with US only if cyst id >4 cm.			Rule out infection and malignancy Fever + cyst= suspect pyogenic liver abscess/ other infection. An asymptomatic simple cyst does not require treatment. Symptomatic cyst requires sclerotherapy/ wide unroofing surgery. Echinococcosis (anthelmintics/ and surgery), amebic liver abscess (metronidazole), pyogenic liver abscess (antibiotic + percutaneous drainage). Cystadenoma (surgically removed/ partial hepatectomy) Cystadenocarcinoma (hepatic lobectomy/ partial hepatectomy)
Hemangiomas	Asymmetric peripheral enhancement on IV contrast (diagnostic potential)				Biopsy is NOT recommended due to bleeding risk Majority of patients do not require intervention.
Hepatic adenomas	Well-circumscribed hypo-intense lesions.				Malignant potential and bleeding risk D/C OCP may lead to involution >4 cm adenoma requires surgical resection.
Hepatocellular carcinoma	With IV contrast, diffuse enhancement with arterial phase contrast, and then washout during delayed venous images.				Resection (small single lesions, no/limited cirrhosis)/ liver transplant (advanced cirrhosis but no extrahepatic disease. If a patient with cirrhosis presents with a >1cm liver mass, pursue a definitive diagnosis to rule out HCC. Non-surgical transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA). Sorafenib (a tyrosine kinase inhibitor if patient is not a candidate for resection/ transplant.
Focal nodular hyperplasia	Well-circumscribed mass with central stellate scar. With IV contrast hyperintense on arterial phase and isodense on venous phase.				Reassurae and observe (no malignant potential)
Cholangiocarcinoma	Lesion occurs in the periphery of liver Primary staging: Higher Sn in detecting extrahepatic invasion and vascular involvement.		Modality of choice for diagnosis and staging		Surgical resection with negative margin.
Metastatsis	Hypo-intense on venous phase contrast. CT does not reliably detect lesions smaller than 1 cm.			PET scan is more Sn than CT for detecting hepatic metastases and can detect lesions < 1 cm. Metastatic lesions appear as T1 weighted hypointense and T2 weighted hyper-intense images.	Surgical resection of hepatic metastases after appropriate selection based on survival benefit. Radiofrequency ablation if hepatic resection is not possible. A multidisciplinary approach is required.

AFP level above 500 mg/dL should raise concern for the presence of HCC.