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==Cytomegalovirus==
==Cytomegalovirus==
*'''Retinitis'''
The following treatment method is specific to individuals suffering from cytomegalovirus retinitis.
 
*Preferred regimen (1): [[Ganciclovir]] intraocular implant {{plus}} [[Valganciclovir]] 900 mg PO bid for 14-21 days {{then}} [[Valganciclovir]] 900mg PO qq for maintenance therapy - for immediate sight-threatening lesions
*Preferred regimen (1): [[Ganciclovir]] intraocular implant {{plus}} [[Valganciclovir]] 900 mg PO bid for 14-21 days {{then}} [[Valganciclovir]] 900mg PO qq for maintenance therapy - for immediate sight-threatening lesions
*Preferred regimen (2): [[Valganciclovir]] 900 mg PO bid for 14-21 days {{then}} [[Valganciclovir]] 900 mg PO qq for maintenance therapy - for peripheral lesions
*Preferred regimen (2): [[Valganciclovir]] 900 mg PO bid for 14-21 days {{then}} [[Valganciclovir]] 900 mg PO qq for maintenance therapy - for peripheral lesions
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*Alternative regimen (4): [[Fomivirsen]] intravitreal injection - for relapses
*Alternative regimen (4): [[Fomivirsen]] intravitreal injection - for relapses
*Note: keep a maintenance dose of [[Valganciclovir]] 900 mg PO qd until CD4 >100/mm³
*Note: keep a maintenance dose of [[Valganciclovir]] 900 mg PO qd until CD4 >100/mm³


==Ocular tuberculosis==
==Ocular tuberculosis==

Revision as of 19:28, 14 April 2016

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Medical Therapy

Cytomegalovirus

The following treatment method is specific to individuals suffering from cytomegalovirus retinitis.

  • Preferred regimen (1): Ganciclovir intraocular implant PLUS Valganciclovir 900 mg PO bid for 14-21 days THEN Valganciclovir 900mg PO qq for maintenance therapy - for immediate sight-threatening lesions
  • Preferred regimen (2): Valganciclovir 900 mg PO bid for 14-21 days THEN Valganciclovir 900 mg PO qq for maintenance therapy - for peripheral lesions
  • Alternative regimen (1): Foscarnet 60 mg/kg IV q8h OR Foscarnet 90 mg/kg IV q12h for 14-21 days THEN Foscarnet 90-120 mg/kg IV q24h *Alternative regimen (2): Cidofovir 5 mg/kg IV for 2 weeks THEN Cidofovir 5 mg/kg IV every other week - each dose should be admnistered with IV saline hydration and probenecid
  • Alternative regimen (3): Ganciclovir 5 mg/kg IV q12h for 14-21 days THEN Valganciclovir 900 mg PO bid
  • Alternative regimen (4): Fomivirsen intravitreal injection - for relapses
  • Note: keep a maintenance dose of Valganciclovir 900 mg PO qd until CD4 >100/mm³

Ocular tuberculosis

  • 1. Pathogen-directed antimicrobial therapy[1][2]
  • 1. Adult patients
  • 1.1 Intensive phase
  • Preferred regimen: Isoniazid 5 mg/kg (max: 300 mg) PO qd for 2 months AND Rifampin 10 mg/kg (max: 600 mg) PO qd for 2 months AND Pyrazinamide 15–30 mg/kg (max: 2 g) PO qd for 2 months AND Ethambutol 15-20 mg/kg (max: 1 g) PO qd for 2 months
  • 1.2 Continuation phase
  • Preferred regimen: Isoniazid 5 mg/kg (max: 300 mg) PO qd for 4 months AND Rifampin 10 mg/kg (max: 600 mg) PO qd for 4 months
  • 2. Pediatric patients
  • 2.1 Intensive phase
  • Preferred regimen: Isoniazid 10-15 mg/kg (max: 300 mg) PO qd for 2 months AND Rifampin 10-20 mg/kg (max: 600 mg) PO qd for 2 months AND Pyrazinamide 15-30 mg/kg (max: 2 g) PO qd for 2 months AND Ethambutol
  • 2.2 Continuation phase
  • Preferred regimen: Isoniazid 10–15 mg/kg (max: 300 mg) PO qd for 4 months AND Rifampin 10–20 mg/kg (max: 600 mg) PO qd for 4 months
  • Note (1): Ethambutol may be administered at a dose of 15-20 mg/kg (max: 1 g) PO qd for 2 months but is generally avoided because of potential ocular toxicity.[3]
  • Note (2): A short course of systemic corticosteroids may be necessary initially if there is sight-threatening inflammation.

References

  1. Blumberg, Henry M.; Burman, William J.; Chaisson, Richard E.; Daley, Charles L.; Etkind, Sue C.; Friedman, Lloyd N.; Fujiwara, Paula; Grzemska, Malgosia; Hopewell, Philip C.; Iseman, Michael D.; Jasmer, Robert M.; Koppaka, Venkatarama; Menzies, Richard I.; O'Brien, Richard J.; Reves, Randall R.; Reichman, Lee B.; Simone, Patricia M.; Starke, Jeffrey R.; Vernon, Andrew A.; American Thoracic Society, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Infectious Diseases Society (2003-02-15). "American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Diseases Society of America: treatment of tuberculosis". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 167 (4): 603–662. doi:10.1164/rccm.167.4.603. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 12588714.
  2. American Thoracic Society; CDC; Infectious Diseases Society of America (2003-06-20). "Treatment of tuberculosis". MMWR. Recommendations and reports: Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports / Centers for Disease Control. 52 (RR-11): 1–77. ISSN 1057-5987. PMID 12836625.
  3. Bennett, John (2015). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 978-1455748013.

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