Retinitis causes: Difference between revisions
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====Cytomegalovirus Retinitis==== | ====Cytomegalovirus Retinitis==== | ||
*Cytomegalovirus Retinitis is a result of a viral, herpes infection of the retina. | *Cytomegalovirus Retinitis is a result of a viral, herpes infection of the retina. | ||
*Highly prevalent as a cause of blindness within the AIDS infected population. | *Highly prevalent as a cause of blindness within the AIDS infected population.<ref name="ret phys">Infectious Retinitis: A Review. YACHNA AHUJA, MD · STEVEN M. COUCH, MD · RAYMUND R. RAZONABLE, MD · SOPHIE J. BAKRI, MD. http://www.retinalphysician.com/articleviewer.aspx?articleID=102293. Accessed April 13, 2016. </ref> | ||
====Syphilis==== | ====Syphilis==== | ||
*Retinitis resulting from a syphilitic infection is commonly referred to as a ocular syphilis. | *Retinitis resulting from a syphilitic infection is commonly referred to as a ocular syphilis. | ||
*The infection persists as syphilitic spirochetes, ''Treponema pallidum'', invade or cause allergic reactions within the surrounding tissue. | *The infection persists as syphilitic spirochetes, ''Treponema pallidum'', invade or cause allergic reactions within the surrounding tissue.<ref name="ret phys">Infectious Retinitis: A Review. YACHNA AHUJA, MD · STEVEN M. COUCH, MD · RAYMUND R. RAZONABLE, MD · SOPHIE J. BAKRI, MD. http://www.retinalphysician.com/articleviewer.aspx?articleID=102293. Accessed April 13, 2016. </ref> | ||
====Endogenous Fungal Infections==== | ====Endogenous Fungal Infections==== | ||
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*Exogenous fungal infections primarily occur as a result of a recent event such as physical injury or surgery. | *Exogenous fungal infections primarily occur as a result of a recent event such as physical injury or surgery. | ||
*Exogenous fungal infections are usually a result of Candidal retinitis. An infection commonly associated with candida chorioretinitis. | *Exogenous fungal infections are usually a result of Candidal retinitis. An infection commonly associated with candida chorioretinitis. | ||
*Candidas chorioretinitis is typically caused by the species ''Candida albicans.'' | *Candidas chorioretinitis is typically caused by the species ''Candida albicans.''<ref name="ret phys">Infectious Retinitis: A Review. YACHNA AHUJA, MD · STEVEN M. COUCH, MD · RAYMUND R. RAZONABLE, MD · SOPHIE J. BAKRI, MD. http://www.retinalphysician.com/articleviewer.aspx?articleID=102293. Accessed April 13, 2016. </ref> | ||
====Tuberculosis==== | ====Tuberculosis==== | ||
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*Infection of the retina is associated with the spread of the tuberculosis causing bacterial agents. | *Infection of the retina is associated with the spread of the tuberculosis causing bacterial agents. | ||
*Common presentation of tuberculosis in the retina appears as multiple choroidal tubercles. | *Common presentation of tuberculosis in the retina appears as multiple choroidal tubercles. | ||
*These tubercles are best defined as minor nodules with a grayish appearance. | *These tubercles are best defined as minor nodules with a grayish appearance.<ref name="ret phys">Infectious Retinitis: A Review. YACHNA AHUJA, MD · STEVEN M. COUCH, MD · RAYMUND R. RAZONABLE, MD · SOPHIE J. BAKRI, MD. http://www.retinalphysician.com/articleviewer.aspx?articleID=102293. Accessed April 13, 2016. </ref> | ||
====Toxoplasmosis==== | ====Toxoplasmosis==== | ||
*Toxoplasma gondii is a parasitic agent found in contaminated meat and egg products. | *Toxoplasma gondii is a parasitic agent found in contaminated meat and egg products. | ||
*Persistence occurs within the vacuoles of cells found within tissues throughout the host. | *Persistence occurs within the vacuoles of cells found within tissues throughout the host. | ||
*Rupturing of tissue cysts with host cells may lead disease resulting in retinitis. This occurrence is mostly common within individuals who were previously immuno-compromised. | *Rupturing of tissue cysts with host cells may lead disease resulting in retinitis. This occurrence is mostly common within individuals who were previously immuno-compromised.<ref name="ret phys">Infectious Retinitis: A Review. YACHNA AHUJA, MD · STEVEN M. COUCH, MD · RAYMUND R. RAZONABLE, MD · SOPHIE J. BAKRI, MD. http://www.retinalphysician.com/articleviewer.aspx?articleID=102293. Accessed April 13, 2016. </ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 18:45, 19 April 2016
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ilan Dock, B.S.
Overview
Retinitis may be caused by multiple infectious agents including cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis, tuberculosis, syphilis, and candida. Retinitis Pigmentosa is classified as a genetic eye disease which occurs as a result of an inherited defect. [1]
Causes of Retinitis
Genetic
Retinitis Pigmentosa
- Retinitis Pigmentosa is classified as a genetic eye disease, inherited from either one or both of a patient's parents. [2]
- The disease is a result of genetic defects in one of 50 genes required for the proper creation of photoreceptor proteins. [1]
- Generally the genetic disorder is linked to the inheritance of a recessive gene contributed by both parents. [2]
- Other cases have been linked to the inheritance of a dominant gene, defects of the X chromosome, and newly formed mutations caused by diseases.
- Progression of RP causes photoreceptor, cellular breakdown, both rods and cones.
- Ultimately, the progressive breakdown of photoreceptors leads to restricted vision or permanent loss of vision. [2]
Infectious Agents
Cytomegalovirus Retinitis
- Cytomegalovirus Retinitis is a result of a viral, herpes infection of the retina.
- Highly prevalent as a cause of blindness within the AIDS infected population.[3]
Syphilis
- Retinitis resulting from a syphilitic infection is commonly referred to as a ocular syphilis.
- The infection persists as syphilitic spirochetes, Treponema pallidum, invade or cause allergic reactions within the surrounding tissue.[3]
Endogenous Fungal Infections
- Two types of retina infections may occur depending on a mode of fungal infection. These two types our outlined as endogenous or exogenous.
- Endogenous fungal retinitis is primarily a result of a disseminated fungal infection.
- Exogenous fungal infections primarily occur as a result of a recent event such as physical injury or surgery.
- Exogenous fungal infections are usually a result of Candidal retinitis. An infection commonly associated with candida chorioretinitis.
- Candidas chorioretinitis is typically caused by the species Candida albicans.[3]
Tuberculosis
- Extrapulmonary clinical manifestations of tuberculosis include intraocular caseating granulomas.
- Infection of the retina is associated with the spread of the tuberculosis causing bacterial agents.
- Common presentation of tuberculosis in the retina appears as multiple choroidal tubercles.
- These tubercles are best defined as minor nodules with a grayish appearance.[3]
Toxoplasmosis
- Toxoplasma gondii is a parasitic agent found in contaminated meat and egg products.
- Persistence occurs within the vacuoles of cells found within tissues throughout the host.
- Rupturing of tissue cysts with host cells may lead disease resulting in retinitis. This occurrence is mostly common within individuals who were previously immuno-compromised.[3]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Retinitis Pigmentosa. U.S. National Library of Medicine. https://www.genome.gov/13514348
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Retinitis Pigmentosa. U.S. National Library of Medicine. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001029.htm
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Infectious Retinitis: A Review. YACHNA AHUJA, MD · STEVEN M. COUCH, MD · RAYMUND R. RAZONABLE, MD · SOPHIE J. BAKRI, MD. http://www.retinalphysician.com/articleviewer.aspx?articleID=102293. Accessed April 13, 2016.