Quinine: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
'''Quinine''' ({{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|k|w|aɪ|n|aɪ|n}}, {{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|k|w|ɪ|n|iː|n}} or {{IPAc-en|k|w|ɪ|ˈ|n|iː|n}} {{respell|KWIN|een}}) is a natural white [[crystal]]line [[alkaloid]] having [[antipyretic]] (fever-reducing), [[antimalarial drug|antimalarial]], [[analgesic]] (painkilling), and [[anti-inflammatory]] properties and a bitter taste. It is a [[stereoisomer]] of [[quinidine]] which, unlike quinine, is an [[antiarrhythmic]]. Quinine contains two major fused-ring systems: the [[aromatic]] [[quinoline]] and the [[bicyclic]] [[quinuclidine]]. | |||
Though it has been synthesized in the laboratory, quinine occurs naturally in the bark of the [[cinchona]] tree. The medicinal properties of the cinchona tree were originally discovered by the [[Quechuas|Quechua]], who are indigenous to [[Peru]] and [[Bolivia]]; later, the [[Jesuits]] were the first to bring cinchona to Europe. | |||
Quinine was the first effective treatment for [[malaria]] caused by ''[[Plasmodium falciparum]]'', appearing in therapeutics in the 17th century. It remained the antimalarial drug of choice until the 1940s, when other drugs such as [[chloroquine]] that have fewer unpleasant side effects replaced it. Since then, many effective antimalarials have been introduced, although quinine is still used to treat the disease in certain critical circumstances, such as severe malaria, and in impoverished regions due to its low cost. Quinine is available with a prescription in the United States and over-the-counter, in minute quantities, in [[tonic water]]. Quinine is also used to treat [[Systemic lupus erythematosus|lupus]] and [[arthritis]]. Quinine was also frequently prescribed in the US as an [[off-label]] treatment for [[Cramps#Nocturnal leg cramps|nocturnal leg cramps]], but this has become less prevalent due to a [[Food and Drug Administration]] statement warning against the practice.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm218202.htm | title = FDA Drug Safety Communication: New risk management plan and patient Medication Guide for Qualaquin (quinine sulfate) | accessdate = 2011-02-21 | date = 2010-08-07 | publisher = [[Food and Drug Administration]] }}</ref> | |||
Quinine is highly [[fluorescence|fluorescent]] ([[quantum yield]] ~0.58) in 0.1 [[Molar concentration|M]] [[sulfuric acid]] solution and it is widely used as a standard for fluorescence quantum yield measurement.<ref>Joseph R. Lakowicz. [http://books.google.co.in/books?id=-PSybuLNxcAC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy] 3rd edition. [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] (2006). ISBN 978-0387-31278-1. Chapter 2. page 54.</ref><ref>[http://omlc.ogi.edu/spectra/PhotochemCAD/html/081.html Quinine sulfate] ''ogi.edu''. Retrieved 16 August 2013</ref> | |||
==Category== | ==Category== | ||
Revision as of 22:16, 9 January 2014
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chetan Lokhande, M.B.B.S [2]
Overview
Quinine (US: /ˈkwaɪnaɪn/, UK: /ˈkwɪniːn/ or /kwɪˈniːn/ Template:Respell) is a natural white crystalline alkaloid having antipyretic (fever-reducing), antimalarial, analgesic (painkilling), and anti-inflammatory properties and a bitter taste. It is a stereoisomer of quinidine which, unlike quinine, is an antiarrhythmic. Quinine contains two major fused-ring systems: the aromatic quinoline and the bicyclic quinuclidine.
Though it has been synthesized in the laboratory, quinine occurs naturally in the bark of the cinchona tree. The medicinal properties of the cinchona tree were originally discovered by the Quechua, who are indigenous to Peru and Bolivia; later, the Jesuits were the first to bring cinchona to Europe.
Quinine was the first effective treatment for malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum, appearing in therapeutics in the 17th century. It remained the antimalarial drug of choice until the 1940s, when other drugs such as chloroquine that have fewer unpleasant side effects replaced it. Since then, many effective antimalarials have been introduced, although quinine is still used to treat the disease in certain critical circumstances, such as severe malaria, and in impoverished regions due to its low cost. Quinine is available with a prescription in the United States and over-the-counter, in minute quantities, in tonic water. Quinine is also used to treat lupus and arthritis. Quinine was also frequently prescribed in the US as an off-label treatment for nocturnal leg cramps, but this has become less prevalent due to a Food and Drug Administration statement warning against the practice.[1]
Quinine is highly fluorescent (quantum yield ~0.58) in 0.1 M sulfuric acid solution and it is widely used as a standard for fluorescence quantum yield measurement.[2][3]
Category
US Brand Names
FDA Package Insert
Description | Clinical Pharmacology | Microbiology | Indications and Usage | Contraindications | Warnings and Precautions | Adverse Reactions | Drug Interactions | Overdosage | Clinical Studies | Dosage and Administration | How Supplied | Labels and Packages
Mechanism of Action
References
- ↑ "FDA Drug Safety Communication: New risk management plan and patient Medication Guide for Qualaquin (quinine sulfate)". Food and Drug Administration. 2010-08-07. Retrieved 2011-02-21.
- ↑ Joseph R. Lakowicz. Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy 3rd edition. Springer (2006). ISBN 978-0387-31278-1. Chapter 2. page 54.
- ↑ Quinine sulfate ogi.edu. Retrieved 16 August 2013