Pyelonephritis classification: Difference between revisions
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==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
There are five different types of pyelonephritis:<ref name="pmid22417256">{{cite journal| author=Hooton TM| title=Clinical practice. Uncomplicated urinary tract infection. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2012 | volume= 366 | issue= 11 | pages= 1028-37 | pmid=22417256 | doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1104429 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22417256 }} </ref><ref name="pmid27824318">{{cite journal| author=Lucaj R, Achong DM| title=Concurrent Diffuse Pyelonephritis and Prostatitis: Discordant Findings on Sequential FDG PET/CT and 67Ga SPECT/CT Imaging. | journal=Clin Nucl Med | year= 2017 | volume= 42 | issue= 1 | pages= 73-75 | pmid=27824318 | doi=10.1097/RLU.0000000000001415 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27824318 }} </ref><ref name="pmid27974344">{{cite journal| author=Kawamoto A, Sato R, Takahashi K, Luthe SK| title=Iliopsoas abscess caused by chronic urolithiasis and pyelonephritis. | journal=BMJ Case Rep | year= 2016 | volume= 2016 | issue= | pages= | pmid=27974344 | doi=10.1136/bcr-2016-218541 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27974344 }} </ref><ref name="pmid28104111">{{cite journal| author=Peng CZ, How CK| title=Diagnostic Challenge of Emphysematous Pyelonephritis. | journal=Am J Med Sci | year= 2017 | volume= 353 | issue= 1 | pages= 93 | pmid=28104111 | doi=10.1016/j.amjms.2016.03.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28104111 }} </ref><ref name="pmid28091422">{{cite journal| author=Wang HD, Zhu XF, Xu X, Li GZ, Liu N, He F et al.| title=Emphysematous Pyelonephritis Treated with Vacuum Sealing Drainage. | journal=Chin Med J (Engl) | year= 2017 | volume= 130 | issue= 2 | pages= 247-248 | pmid=28091422 | doi=10.4103/0366-6999.198021 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28091422 }} </ref><ref name="pmid28028578">{{cite journal| author=Upasani A, Barnacle A, Roebuck D, Cherian A| title=Combination of Surgical Drainage and Renal Artery Embolization: An Alternative Treatment for Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis. | journal=Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol | year= 2016 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=28028578 | doi=10.1007/s00270-016-1522-z | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28028578 }} </ref> | There are five different types of pyelonephritis:<ref name="pmid22417256">{{cite journal| author=Hooton TM| title=Clinical practice. Uncomplicated urinary tract infection. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2012 | volume= 366 | issue= 11 | pages= 1028-37 | pmid=22417256 | doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1104429 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22417256 }} </ref><ref name="pmid27824318">{{cite journal| author=Lucaj R, Achong DM| title=Concurrent Diffuse Pyelonephritis and Prostatitis: Discordant Findings on Sequential FDG PET/CT and 67Ga SPECT/CT Imaging. | journal=Clin Nucl Med | year= 2017 | volume= 42 | issue= 1 | pages= 73-75 | pmid=27824318 | doi=10.1097/RLU.0000000000001415 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27824318 }} </ref><ref name="pmid27974344">{{cite journal| author=Kawamoto A, Sato R, Takahashi K, Luthe SK| title=Iliopsoas abscess caused by chronic urolithiasis and pyelonephritis. | journal=BMJ Case Rep | year= 2016 | volume= 2016 | issue= | pages= | pmid=27974344 | doi=10.1136/bcr-2016-218541 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27974344 }} </ref><ref name="pmid28104111">{{cite journal| author=Peng CZ, How CK| title=Diagnostic Challenge of Emphysematous Pyelonephritis. | journal=Am J Med Sci | year= 2017 | volume= 353 | issue= 1 | pages= 93 | pmid=28104111 | doi=10.1016/j.amjms.2016.03.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28104111 }} </ref><ref name="pmid28091422">{{cite journal| author=Wang HD, Zhu XF, Xu X, Li GZ, Liu N, He F et al.| title=Emphysematous Pyelonephritis Treated with Vacuum Sealing Drainage. | journal=Chin Med J (Engl) | year= 2017 | volume= 130 | issue= 2 | pages= 247-248 | pmid=28091422 | doi=10.4103/0366-6999.198021 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28091422 }} </ref><ref name="pmid28028578">{{cite journal| author=Upasani A, Barnacle A, Roebuck D, Cherian A| title=Combination of Surgical Drainage and Renal Artery Embolization: An Alternative Treatment for Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis. | journal=Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol | year= 2016 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=28028578 | doi=10.1007/s00270-016-1522-z | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28028578 }} </ref><ref name="pmid27915241">{{cite journal| author=Yeow Y, Chong YL| title=Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis presenting as Proteus preperitoneal abscess. | journal=J Surg Case Rep | year= 2016 | volume= 2016 | issue= 12 | pages= | pmid=27915241 | doi=10.1093/jscr/rjw211 | pmc=5159021 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27915241 }} </ref> | ||
* '''Acute Uncomplicated Pyelonephritis''' | * '''Acute Uncomplicated Pyelonephritis''' | ||
:*Acute pyelonephritis is a common clinical diagnosis in normally healthy patients who present with [[fever]], [[chills]], and flank tenderness. | :*Acute pyelonephritis is a common clinical diagnosis in normally healthy patients who present with [[fever]], [[chills]], and flank tenderness. | ||
Revision as of 16:14, 24 January 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Pyelonephritis may be classified according to the duration of disease and etiology into 5 subtypes: acute uncomplicated, acute complicated, chronic, emphysematous, and xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. Most cases of Pyelonephritis are acute uncomplicated and occur in normal healthy individuals with no history of a structural urinary tract anomaly or any long disease. Classification of pyelonephritis helps understand dynamics and specify treatments according to the duration, severity and the type of pyelonephritis.[1]
Classification
There are five different types of pyelonephritis:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
- Acute Uncomplicated Pyelonephritis
- Acute pyelonephritis is a common clinical diagnosis in normally healthy patients who present with fever, chills, and flank tenderness.
- Infections typically result from ascending retrograde spread through the collecting ducts into the renal parenchyma.
- Patients are referred for CT evaluation of acute pyelonephritis when symptoms are poorly localized or complications are suspected.
- Acute Complicated Pyelonephritis
- Acute complicated Pyelonephritis is the type that occurs in patients with known structural abnormalities of the urinary tract, pregnant or post menopausal women or in the presence of a disease like diabetes etc.
- Acute complicated Pyelonephritis requires a prolong duration of broad spectrum antibiotics.
- CT scan is used for confirmation and for detection of complications.
- Chronic Pyelonephritis
- Chronic pyelonephritis is a somewhat controversial disease from a pathogenetic standpoint. It is unclear that, whether it is an active chronic infection, arises from multiple recurrent infections, or represents stable changes from a remote single infection.
- Hypertension is frequently a long-term sequela and so is an iliopsoas abscess.
- Emphysematous Pyelonephritis
- Emphysematous pyelonephritis represents a severe life-threatening infection (overall mortality rate of approximately 50%) of the renal parenchyma with gas-forming bacteria.
- Underlying poorly controlled diabetes mellitus is present in up to 90% of patients who develop emphysematous pyelonephritis.
- Patients present clinically with varying degrees of renal failure, lethargy, acid-base irregularities, and hyperglycemia.
- E coli is the causative bacterial source in approximately 70% of cases
- Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis
- Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) is a rare inflammatory condition usually secondary to chronic obstruction caused by nephrolithiasis and resulting in infection and irreversible destruction of the renal parenchyma.
- XGP is associated with a staghorn calculus in approximately 70% of cases.
- Patients with diabetes are particularly predisposed to the formation of XGP.
- Treatment is nephrectomy.
- At histologic analysis, the inflammatory mass is composed of lipid-laden macrophages and chronic inflammatory cells.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Hooton TM (2012). "Clinical practice. Uncomplicated urinary tract infection". N Engl J Med. 366 (11): 1028–37. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1104429. PMID 22417256.
- ↑ Lucaj R, Achong DM (2017). "Concurrent Diffuse Pyelonephritis and Prostatitis: Discordant Findings on Sequential FDG PET/CT and 67Ga SPECT/CT Imaging". Clin Nucl Med. 42 (1): 73–75. doi:10.1097/RLU.0000000000001415. PMID 27824318.
- ↑ Kawamoto A, Sato R, Takahashi K, Luthe SK (2016). "Iliopsoas abscess caused by chronic urolithiasis and pyelonephritis". BMJ Case Rep. 2016. doi:10.1136/bcr-2016-218541. PMID 27974344.
- ↑ Peng CZ, How CK (2017). "Diagnostic Challenge of Emphysematous Pyelonephritis". Am J Med Sci. 353 (1): 93. doi:10.1016/j.amjms.2016.03.002. PMID 28104111.
- ↑ Wang HD, Zhu XF, Xu X, Li GZ, Liu N, He F; et al. (2017). "Emphysematous Pyelonephritis Treated with Vacuum Sealing Drainage". Chin Med J (Engl). 130 (2): 247–248. doi:10.4103/0366-6999.198021. PMID 28091422.
- ↑ Upasani A, Barnacle A, Roebuck D, Cherian A (2016). "Combination of Surgical Drainage and Renal Artery Embolization: An Alternative Treatment for Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis". Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. doi:10.1007/s00270-016-1522-z. PMID 28028578.
- ↑ Yeow Y, Chong YL (2016). "Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis presenting as Proteus preperitoneal abscess". J Surg Case Rep. 2016 (12). doi:10.1093/jscr/rjw211. PMC 5159021. PMID 27915241.