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{{Infobox_Disease |
  Name          = Primitive neuroectodermal tumor |
  Image          = |
  Caption        = |
  DiseasesDB    = 31470 |
  ICD10          = |
  ICD9          = |
  ICDO          = M9473/3 |
  OMIM          = |
  MedlinePlus    = |
  eMedicineSubj  = ped |
  eMedicineTopic = 2589 |
  eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|neuro|326}} |
  MeshID        = D018242 |
}}
{{SI}}
{{CMG}}
{{Editor Help}}
__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
== Overview ==
{{SI}}                                                                 
'''Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors''', or '''PNET''', refers to two different tumor types.  These include Peripheral PNET and CNS PNET.  This can be a source of confusion.
 
==Ependymoblastoma==


'''Ependymoblastoma''' is a synonym for PNET<ref>[http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/GARD/Disease.aspx?PageID=4&diseaseID=9323 Ependymoblastoma] at US National Institutes of Health Office of Rare Diseases</ref>
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{G.D.}}, {{MV}}


==Some PNET Types==
{{SK}} Primitive neuroectodermal tumors; PNET; CNS PNET;  Askin tumor; Peripheral neuroepithelioma; Ependymoblastoma
==Overview==
'''Primitive neuroectodermal tumor''' (also known as "[[PNET]]") is a rare type of [[malignant]] [[tumor]] originating from [[neuroectoderm]]. [[Neuroectoderm]] is normally involved in the development of the nervous system. Apart from [[central nervous system]] (CNS), PNETs can involve other tissues originating from the [[neuroectoderm]] such as [[muscles]] and [[bones]].  PNET was first discovered by James Ewing, an American [[pathologist]], in 1921.  However, the term PNETs was more commonly described in 1973 by Hart and Earle. In fact, PNETs are members of the Ewing tumor family. Primitive neuroectodermal tumor are [[classification|classified]] into 3 subtypes. [[Histopathological|Histopathologically]], PNETs should be [[Differentiate|differentiated]] from other [[tumors]] causing small round blue cell [[tumors]] involving [[bone]] and [[soft tissue]]. PNETs are more common among children. Clinical presentation of primitive neuroectodermal tumors is often non-specific and depend on the site of the [[tumor]]. Physical examination may be remarkable for [[papilledema]], [[strabismus]], [[nystagmus]], [[ataxia|imbalance]], motor [[weakness]], facial [[sensory loss]], third, fourth, and sixth [[cranial nerve palsies]], [[hemiplegia]], [[hepatosplenomegaly]], and [[lymphadenopathy|adenopathy]]. On CT,  findings associated with the [[diagnosis]] of PNETs, may include a large irregular [[mass]] with [[heterogeneous]] contrast enhancement. On [[MRI]], findings of the PNETs may include highly variable and can be hypo-intense to isointense, but usually, hypo-intense on T1-weighted images and high signal solid components on T2-weighted images. For the management of peripheral form of PNET, systemic [[chemotherapy]] has been associated with a better [[prognosis]] and is generally recommended.
==Historical Perspective==
*Primitive neuroectodermal tumor was first discovered by James Ewing, an American [[pathologist]], in 1921.<ref name="YagnikDawka2019">{{cite journal|last1=Yagnik|first1=Vipul D|last2=Dawka|first2=Sushil|title=<p>Extraskeletal Ewing’s sarcoma/peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the small bowel presenting with gastrointestinal perforation</p>|journal=Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology|volume=Volume 12|year=2019|pages=279–285|issn=1178-7023|doi=10.2147/CEG.S203697}}</ref>
*In 1983 the term PNET was first used by Rorke to describe all [[undifferentiated]] [[CNS tumor|CNS tumors]] with [[Neuroepithelial cell|neuroepithelial]] [[origin]], irrespective of their site.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rorke LB.|first=|date=1983|title=The cerebellar medulloblastoma and its relationship to primitive neuroectodermal tumors.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6296325|journal=J Neuropathol Exp Neuro|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref>
==Classification==
*Primitive neuroectodermal tumor may be [[classification|classified]] into 3 sub-types:<ref name="BatsakisMacKay2016">{{cite journal|last1=Batsakis|first1=John G.|last2=MacKay|first2=Bruce|last3=El-Naggar|first3=Adel K.|title=Ewing's Sarcoma and Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor: An Interim Report|journal=Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology|volume=105|issue=10|year=2016|pages=838–843|issn=0003-4894|doi=10.1177/000348949610501014}}</ref>
**Central primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) which include [[tumors]] of [[CNS]] origin.
**Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors (pPNETs) which include [[tumors]] with [[soft tissue]] and [[bone]] origin. These [[tumors]] are also called [[Ewing]] family of [[tumors]] (EFTs) and [[classification|classified]] into [[Ewing sarcoma]], [[malignant]] peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors, Askin [[tumor]], and less common [[tumors]] (eg, [[Neuroectodermal melanolysosomal disease|neuroectodermal]] [[tumor]], ectomesenchymoma, peripheral [[medulloepithelioma]]).<ref name="CastroParwani2012">{{cite journal|last1=Castro|first1=E. C.|last2=Parwani|first2=A. V.|title=Ewing Sarcoma/Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of the Kidney: Two Unusual Presentations of a Rare Tumor|journal=Case Reports in Medicine|volume=2012|year=2012|pages=1–7|issn=1687-9627|doi=10.1155/2012/190581}}</ref><ref name="pmid30005673">{{cite journal |vauthors=Triarico S, Attinà G, Maurizi P, Mastrangelo S, Nanni L, Briganti V, Meacci E, Margaritora S, Balducci M, Ruggiero A |title=Multimodal treatment of pediatric patients with Askin's tumors: our experience |journal=World J Surg Oncol |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=140 |date=July 2018 |pmid=30005673 |pmc=6044084 |doi=10.1186/s12957-018-1434-2 |url=}}</ref>
**[[Neuroblastoma]] which is derived from the [[autonomic nervous system]].
==Pathophysiology==
*The [[pathogenesis]] of peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor is characterized by the [[chromosomal translocation]] t(11;22)(q24q12).<ref name="pmid1283315">{{cite journal| author=Zucman J, Delattre O, Desmaze C, Plougastel B, Joubert I, Melot T et al.| title=Cloning and characterization of the Ewing's sarcoma and peripheral neuroepithelioma t(11;22) translocation breakpoints. | journal=Genes Chromosomes Cancer | year= 1992 | volume= 5 | issue= 4 | pages= 271-7 | pmid=1283315 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1283315  }} </ref><ref name="pmid1522903">{{cite journal| author=Delattre O, Zucman J, Plougastel B, Desmaze C, Melot T, Peter M et al.| title=Gene fusion with an ETS DNA-binding domain caused by chromosome translocation in human tumours. | journal=Nature | year= 1992 | volume= 359 | issue= 6391 | pages= 162-5 | pmid=1522903 | doi=10.1038/359162a0 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1522903  }} </ref>
*This [[Chromosomal translocation|translocation]] fuses the [[EWSR1 gene|EWS]] [[gene]] on [[chromosome 22]] with the [[FLI1]] [[gene]] on [[chromosome 11]].
*The EWS-FLI1 [[gene]] has been associated with the development of PNET involving the synthesis of [[adrenal]] pathway.
*On [[gross]] [[pathology]], white, [[hemorrhagic]] and [[necrotic]] [[mass]] are characteristic of PNET.<ref name="pmid26793768">{{cite journal| author=Novo J, Bitterman P, Guirguis A| title=Central-type primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the uterus: Case report of remission of stage IV disease using adjuvant cisplatin/etoposide/bevacizumab chemotherapy and review of the literature. | journal=Gynecol Oncol Rep | year= 2015 | volume= 14 | issue=  | pages= 26-30 | pmid=26793768 | doi=10.1016/j.gore.2015.09.002 | pmc=4688884 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26793768  }} </ref>


===Peripheral PNET===
{| align="right"
The Peripheral PNET is now thought to be virually identical to [[Ewing's sarcoma|Ewing sarcoma]]:
|[[File:PNET Histopathology HE 200x.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Courtesy of image Wikipedia]]
|}
*On [[microscopic]] [[histopathological]] analysis,  characteristic findings of the primitive neuroectodermal tumor, include small blue cell [[tumor]] with abundant [[mitotic]] figures, Homer-Wright rosettes, in which [[Tumor cell|tumor cells]] surround [[neutrophils]], [[fibrosis]], and short and round or spindle-shaped [[nuclei]].<ref name="pmid7803540">{{cite journal| author=Jürgens HF| title=Ewing's sarcoma and peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor. | journal=Curr Opin Oncol | year= 1994 | volume= 6 | issue= 4 | pages= 391-6 | pmid=7803540 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7803540  }} </ref><ref name="pmid10623711">{{cite journal| author=de Alava E, Gerald WL| title=Molecular biology of the Ewing's sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor family. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 2000 | volume= 18 | issue= 1 | pages= 204-13 | pmid=10623711 | doi=10.1200/JCO.2000.18.1.204 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10623711  }} </ref>
*[[Immunohistochemical]] analysis can also be positive for [[CD99]], [[CD56]], [[Neuron-specific enolase]] (NSE), [[S-100 protein]], [[synaptophysin]], and [[chromogranin A]].<ref name="AlonsoYi2017">{{cite journal|last1=Alonso|first1=Marta M.|last2=Yi|first2=Xiaoping|last3=Liu|first3=Wenguang|last4=Zhang|first4=Youming|last5=Xiao|first5=Desheng|last6=Yin|first6=Hongling|last7=Long|first7=Xueying|last8=Li|first8=Li|last9=Zai|first9=Hongyan|last10=Chen|first10=Minfeng|last11=Li|first11=Wenzheng|last12=Sun|first12=Lunquan|title=Radiological features of primitive neuroectodermal tumors in intra-abdominal and retroperitoneal regions: A series of 18 cases|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=12|issue=3|year=2017|pages=e0173536|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0173536}}</ref>
==Differentiating Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor from Other Diseases==
*Primitive neuroectodermal tumor must be [[Differentiate|differentiated]] from other [[diseases]] that cause [[seizures]] or an [[Increased intracranial pressure|increase in intracranial pressure]], such as [[astrocytoma]], [[ependymoma]], [[oligodendroglioma]], intracranial [[teratoma]], [[meningitis]], [[encephalitis]], and other [[brain]] [[tumors]].
*[[Histopathological|Histopathologically]], primitive neuroectodermal tumors should be [[Differentiate|differentiated]] from other [[tumors]] causing small, round, blue cell [[tumors]] involving [[bone]] and [[soft tissue]], including [[lymphoma]], small cell [[osteosarcoma]], undifferentiated [[neuroblastoma]], desmoplastic small round cell tumors, mesenchymal [[chondrosarcoma]], [[rhabdomyosarcoma]], and poorly differentiated [[synovial]] [[sarcoma]].<ref name="pmid1848471">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ambros IM, Ambros PF, Strehl S, Kovar H, Gadner H, Salzer-Kuntschik M |title=MIC2 is a specific marker for Ewing's sarcoma and peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors. Evidence for a common histogenesis of Ewing's sarcoma and peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors from MIC2 expression and specific chromosome aberration |journal=Cancer |volume=67 |issue=7 |pages=1886–93 |date=April 1991 |pmid=1848471 |doi=10.1002/1097-0142(19910401)67:7<1886::aid-cncr2820670712>3.0.co;2-u |url=}}</ref>
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
*The incidence of PNETs is from birth to 20 years of age  approximately 0.29 per 100,000.<ref name="ViseeSoltner2005">{{cite journal|last1=Visee|first1=S|last2=Soltner|first2=C|last3=Rialland|first3=X|last4=Machet|first4=M C|last5=Loussouarn|first5=D|last6=Milinkevitch|first6=S|last7=Pasco-Papon|first7=A|last8=Mercier|first8=P|last9=Rousselet|first9=M C|title=Supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumours of the brain: multidirectional differentiation does not influence prognosis. A clinicopathological report of 18 patients|journal=Histopathology|volume=46|issue=4|year=2005|pages=403–412|issn=0309-0167|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2559.2005.02101.x}}</ref>
*The [[prevalence]] of primitive neuroectodermal tumors remains unknown.
*PNETs are more common among children.
*PNETs are more prevalent in men than women.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ohba S, Yoshida K, Hirose Y, Ikeda E, Kawase T.|first=|date=2008|title=A supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumor in an adult: a case report and review of the literature.|url=|journal=J Neurooncol|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref>
*PNETs are more prevalent in Hispanic and white races.
==Risk Factors==
*The most potent risk factor in the development of PNET is prenatal exposure to [[alcohol]] prenatal.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=G R Bunin, J D Buckley, C P Boesel, L B Rorke and A T Meadows|first=|date=1994|title=Risk factors for astrocytic glioma and primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the brain in young children: a report from the Children's Cancer Group.|url=http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/3/3/197.full-text.pdf|journal=Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref>
*Children who had lived in farms for at least 1 year showed an increased risk for PNET.
*Certain [[syndromes]] seem to play the role of a [[risk factor]] for PNETs including the following:  
**[[Gorlin syndrome]]
**[[Turcot syndrome]]
**[[Coffin-Siris syndrome]]
**[[Cowden syndrome]]
**[[Gardner syndrome]]
**[[Li-Fraumeni syndrome]]
**[[Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome]]


"Current evidence indicates that both Ewing's sarcoma and PNET have a similar neural phenotype and, because they share an identical chromosome translocation, they should be viewed as the same tumor, differing only in their degree of neural differentiation. Tumors that demonstrate neural differentiation by light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, or electron microscopy have been traditionally labeled PNETs, and those that are undifferentiated by these analyses have been diagnosed as Ewing's sarcoma." <ref name="robbins">Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease, 7th edition</ref>
== Natural History, Complications and Prognosis==


===PNET of the CNS===
*If left untreated, [[patients]] with primitive neuroectodermal tumors may develop [[metastases]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Smoll NR.|first=|date=2012|title=Relative survival of childhood and adult medulloblastomas and primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs).|url=|journal=Cancer|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref>
*Common [[complications]] of the primitive neuroectodermal tumor include [[increased intracranial pressure]], [[cranial nerve palsy]], and [[seizures]].
*[[Prognosis]] is generally poor, and the 5-year [[survival rate]] of [[patients]] with PNET less than 35% in adults and 64% in [[children]].
*[[Prognosis]] is better in adult [[Patient|patients]].
*Features associated with favorable [[prognosis]] include early [[diagnosis]], combination treatment approach including [[tumor]] resection, [[chemotherapy]] and [[radiotherapy]], intratumoral [[calcification]], [[Ki-67 (Biology)|Ki-67]] <30%, elevated [[LDH]], [[tumor]] volume >100 [[Mili litr|cc]], and [[axial]] location.


PNET of the CNS are grossly divided into [[Supratentorial|supratentorial]] PNET and [[Infratentorial neoplasms|infratentorial]] PNET, the latter being more common. <ref name="emed-pnet">Subrata Ghosh, MD, MBBS, MS, [http://www.emedicine.com/neuro/topic326.htm Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors of the Central Nervous System], eMedicine 2007.</ref>
== Diagnosis ==
=== History and Symptoms ===
* The majority of [[patients]] with primitive neuroectodermal tumors remain [[asymptomatic]] for years.<ref name="pmid2776115">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rud NP, Reiman HM, Pritchard DJ, Frassica FJ, Smithson WA |title=Extraosseous Ewing's sarcoma. A study of 42 cases |journal=Cancer |volume=64 |issue=7 |pages=1548–53 |date=October 1989 |pmid=2776115 |doi=10.1002/1097-0142(19891001)64:7<1548::aid-cncr2820640733>3.0.co;2-w |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20959975">{{cite journal |vauthors=Li X, Zhang W, Song T, Sun C, Shen Y |title=Primitive neuroectodermal tumor arising in the abdominopelvic region: CT features and pathology characteristics |journal=Abdom Imaging |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=590–5 |date=October 2011 |pmid=20959975 |doi=10.1007/s00261-010-9655-z |url=}}</ref>
*[[Clinical]] presentation of primitive neuroectodermal tumors is often non-specific and depend on the site of the [[tumor]].
*Patients with PNETs may present with only constitutional [[symptoms]] such as [[fever]], severe [[pain]], and [[paresthesia]].
*Other [[Symptom|symptoms]] of primitive neuroectodermal tumor may include the following: 
**[[Morning headache]]
**[[Restlessness]]
**Recurrent [[vomiting]]
**[[Diplopia]]
**Frequent falls
**Positional [[dizziness]]
**[[Forgetfulness]]
**Progressive [[visual]] disturbances


An example of infratentorial PNET includes  [[Medulloblastoma|Medulloblastomas]], which occurs in the cerebellum.  
=== Physical Examination ===
*[[Physical examination]] may be remarkable for [[papilledema]], [[strabismus]], [[nystagmus]], [[ataxia|imbalance]], motor [[weakness]], facial [[sensory loss]], third, fourth, and sixth [[cranial nerve palsies]], [[hemiplegia]], [[hepatosplenomegaly]], and [[lymphadenopathy|adenopathy]].<ref name="pmid2776115">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rud NP, Reiman HM, Pritchard DJ, Frassica FJ, Smithson WA |title=Extraosseous Ewing's sarcoma. A study of 42 cases |journal=Cancer |volume=64 |issue=7 |pages=1548–53 |date=October 1989 |pmid=2776115 |doi=10.1002/1097-0142(19891001)64:7<1548::aid-cncr2820640733>3.0.co;2-w |url=}}</ref>
=== Laboratory Findings ===
*[[Laboratory]] findings consistent with the [[diagnosis]] of primitive neuroectodermal tumor include elevated [[erythrocyte sedimentation rate]], positive [[C-reactive protein]], [[anemia]], [[leukocytosis]], [[thrombocytosis]], [[hypoalbuminemia]], increased [[Lactate dehydrogenase|LDH]] levels.<ref name="pmid3992134">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bacci G, Capanna R, Orlandi M, Mancini I, Bettelli G, Dallari D, Campanacci M |title=Prognostic significance of serum lactic acid dehydrogenase in Ewing's tumor of bone |journal=Ric Clin Lab |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=89–96 |date=1985 |pmid=3992134 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Neuroblastoma]] may be associated with an elevated level of [[urinary]] [[catecholamines]].<ref name="pmid16732582">{{cite journal |vauthors=Strenger V, Kerbl R, Dornbusch HJ, Ladenstein R, Ambros PF, Ambros IM, Urban C |title=Diagnostic and prognostic impact of urinary catecholamines in neuroblastoma patients |journal=Pediatr Blood Cancer |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=504–9 |date=May 2007 |pmid=16732582 |doi=10.1002/pbc.20888 |url=}}</ref>


An example of supratentorial PNET includes Pinealoblastomas, which occurs in the pineal region.
=== Electrocardiogram ===
*There are no [[ECG]] findings associated with primitive neuroectodermal tumors.
=== X-ray ===
*There are no [[x-ray]] findings associated with primitive neuroectodermal tumors.
=== Echocardiography or Ultrasound ===
*There are no [[echocardiography]]/[[ultrasound]] findings associated with primitive neuroectodermal tumors.
=== CT ===
*On [[Computed tomography|CT]],  findings associated with the [[diagnosis]] of primitive neuroectodermal tumor, may include a large irregular [[mass]] with [[heterogeneous]] contrast enhancement. [[Cystic]] components and [[calcification]] are also common.<ref name="pmid26847997">{{cite journal |vauthors=Xiao H, Bao F, Tan H, Wang B, Liu W, Gao J, Gao X |title=CT and clinical findings of peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumour in children |journal=Br J Radiol |volume=89 |issue=1060 |pages=20140450 |date=2016 |pmid=26847997 |pmc=4846188 |doi=10.1259/bjr.20140450 |url=}}</ref>
{| align="right"
|[[File:Primitive-neuroectodermal-tumour-of-the-cns-1.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Axial T2 image of PNET, Case courtesy of Dr Prashant Mudgal, Radiopaedia.org, rID: 32696]]
|}
=== MRI ===
*[[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] is the imaging modality of choice for primitive neuroectodermal tumors.<ref name="pmid15165129">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shi H, Kong X, Xu H, Xu L, Liu D |title=MRI features of intracranial primitive neuroectodermal tumors in adults: comparing with histopathological findings |journal=J. Huazhong Univ. Sci. Technol. Med. Sci. |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=99–102 |date=2004 |pmid=15165129 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*On [[MRI]], findings of the primitive neuroectodermal tumor may include highly variable and can be hypo-intense to isointense, but usually, hypo-intense on T1-weighted images and high signal solid components on T2-weighted images.
=== Other Imaging Findings ===
*There are no other imaging findings associated with primitive neuroectodermal tumors.
=== Other Diagnostic Studies ===
*There are no other diagnostic studies associated with primitive neuroectodermal tumors.


==Model==
== Treatment ==
Using gene transfer of SV40 large T-antigen in neuronal precursor cells of rats, a brain tumor model was established. The PNETs were histologically indistinguishable from the human counterparts and have been used to identify new genes involved in human brain tumor carcinogenesis. <ref>Eibl RH, Kleihues P, Jat PS, Wiestler OD (1994) A model for primitive neuroectodermal tumors in transgenic neural transplants harboring the SV40 large T antigen. Am J Pathol. 1994 Mar;144(3):556-64.</ref>. The model was used to confirm p53 as one of the genes involved in human medulloblastomas, but since only about 10 % of the human tumors showed mutations in that gene, the model can be used to identify the other binding partners of SV40 Large T- antigen, other than p53. <ref>Ohgaki H, Eibl RH, Wiestler OD, Yasargil MG, Newcomb EW, Kleihues P: p53 mutations in nonastrocytic human brain tumors. Cancer Res (1991) 51:6202-5</ref>
=== Medical Therapy ===
*There is no treatment for PNET.
*[[Chemotherapy]] is controversial in the treatment of PNET.
*For the management of peripheral form of PNET, [[systemic]] [[chemotherapy]] has been associated with a better [[prognosis]] and is generally recommended.<ref name="AlonsoYi2017">{{cite journal|last1=Alonso|first1=Marta M.|last2=Yi|first2=Xiaoping|last3=Liu|first3=Wenguang|last4=Zhang|first4=Youming|last5=Xiao|first5=Desheng|last6=Yin|first6=Hongling|last7=Long|first7=Xueying|last8=Li|first8=Li|last9=Zai|first9=Hongyan|last10=Chen|first10=Minfeng|last11=Li|first11=Wenzheng|last12=Sun|first12=Lunquan|title=Radiological features of primitive neuroectodermal tumors in intra-abdominal and retroperitoneal regions: A series of 18 cases|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=12|issue=3|year=2017|pages=e0173536|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0173536}}</ref>


==See also==
=== Surgery ===
*[[Ependymoma]]
*The feasibility of surgery depends on the site of the [[tumor]], at diagnosis. Maximum resection must be performed.


=== Primary Prevention ===
*There are no [[Primary prevention|primary preventive]] measures available for primitive neuroectodermal tumors.
=== Secondary Prevention ===
*There are no [[Secondary prevention|secondary preventive]] measures available for primitive neuroectodermal tumors.
==References==
==References==
<references/>
{{Reflist|2}}
 
[[Category: Oncology]]
== Acknowledgements ==
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
The content on this page was first contributed by: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D.
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[[Category:Oncology]]
Initial content for this page in some instances came from [http://www.wikipedia.org Wikipedia]
[[Category:Medicine]]
 
 
 
   
 
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Latest revision as of 17:02, 14 November 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Gertrude Djouka, M.D.[2], Maria Fernanda Villarreal, M.D. [3]

Synonyms and keywords: Primitive neuroectodermal tumors; PNET; CNS PNET; Askin tumor; Peripheral neuroepithelioma; Ependymoblastoma

Overview

Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (also known as "PNET") is a rare type of malignant tumor originating from neuroectoderm. Neuroectoderm is normally involved in the development of the nervous system. Apart from central nervous system (CNS), PNETs can involve other tissues originating from the neuroectoderm such as muscles and bones. PNET was first discovered by James Ewing, an American pathologist, in 1921. However, the term PNETs was more commonly described in 1973 by Hart and Earle. In fact, PNETs are members of the Ewing tumor family. Primitive neuroectodermal tumor are classified into 3 subtypes. Histopathologically, PNETs should be differentiated from other tumors causing small round blue cell tumors involving bone and soft tissue. PNETs are more common among children. Clinical presentation of primitive neuroectodermal tumors is often non-specific and depend on the site of the tumor. Physical examination may be remarkable for papilledema, strabismus, nystagmus, imbalance, motor weakness, facial sensory loss, third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerve palsies, hemiplegia, hepatosplenomegaly, and adenopathy. On CT, findings associated with the diagnosis of PNETs, may include a large irregular mass with heterogeneous contrast enhancement. On MRI, findings of the PNETs may include highly variable and can be hypo-intense to isointense, but usually, hypo-intense on T1-weighted images and high signal solid components on T2-weighted images. For the management of peripheral form of PNET, systemic chemotherapy has been associated with a better prognosis and is generally recommended.

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Courtesy of image Wikipedia

Differentiating Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor from Other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

  • The incidence of PNETs is from birth to 20 years of age approximately 0.29 per 100,000.[13]
  • The prevalence of primitive neuroectodermal tumors remains unknown.
  • PNETs are more common among children.
  • PNETs are more prevalent in men than women.[14]
  • PNETs are more prevalent in Hispanic and white races.

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

  • There are no ECG findings associated with primitive neuroectodermal tumors.

X-ray

  • There are no x-ray findings associated with primitive neuroectodermal tumors.

Echocardiography or Ultrasound

CT

Axial T2 image of PNET, Case courtesy of Dr Prashant Mudgal, Radiopaedia.org, rID: 32696

MRI

  • MRI is the imaging modality of choice for primitive neuroectodermal tumors.[22]
  • On MRI, findings of the primitive neuroectodermal tumor may include highly variable and can be hypo-intense to isointense, but usually, hypo-intense on T1-weighted images and high signal solid components on T2-weighted images.

Other Imaging Findings

  • There are no other imaging findings associated with primitive neuroectodermal tumors.

Other Diagnostic Studies

  • There are no other diagnostic studies associated with primitive neuroectodermal tumors.

Treatment

Medical Therapy

  • There is no treatment for PNET.
  • Chemotherapy is controversial in the treatment of PNET.
  • For the management of peripheral form of PNET, systemic chemotherapy has been associated with a better prognosis and is generally recommended.[11]

Surgery

  • The feasibility of surgery depends on the site of the tumor, at diagnosis. Maximum resection must be performed.

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

References

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