Polycythemia differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 17:37, 22 August 2018

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sadaf Sharfaei M.D.[2]

Overview

Differential Diagnosis of Polycythemia

Polycythemia must be differentiated from a variety of other conditions.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Category	Disease	Etiology	Mutation	Clinical manifestations														Laboratory findings						Gold standard disgnosis	Associated findings
				Demography	Symptoms						Signs							CBC				EPO level	PBS
				Demography	Fatigue	Headache	Shortness of breath	Bleeding	Pain	Other symptoms	Appearance	SaO2	Fever	BP	Tenderness	Splenomegaly	Other signs	Hb	RBC	WBC	Plt	EPO level	PBS
Mutational causes	Polycythemia vera (PV)^[4]	Autonomous erythrocyte production	JAK2 mutation > 95%	Mean age >60 years old	+	+	+	±	Erythromelagia Chest pain	Stroke-like symptoms Pruritis Dizziness Visual disturbance	Facial plethora	Nl	−	↑	Painful erythema	+	Lymphadenopathy	↑	↑ RBC mass	Nl to ↑	Nl to ↑	↓	Elevated normochromic, normocytic RBCs Thrombocytosis Rarely immature cells Leukoerythroblastic picture	WHO criteria for PV	Stroke Venous thrombosis Myelofibrosis Acute leukemia
	Chuvash polycythemia^[5]	Hypoxia-sensing disorder	VHL mutation	Russia, Italy <40 years old	+	+	+	±	Arthralgia	Pruritis Dizziness	Facial plethora	↓	−	↑	Painful erythema	+	Lymphadenopathy	↑	↑	Nl	Nl	↑	Elevated normochromic, normocytic RBCs	Molecular genetic testing	Multiple thrombotic events
	Hereditary methemoglobinemia^[6]	Cytochrome b5 reductase deficiency Hemoglobin M disease	Mutations in globin gene	Infants	±	±	±	−	−	−	Cyanosis	Inaccurately Nl	-	Nl	−	−	Altered mental status	↑	↑	Nl	Nl	Nl	NA	RBC enzyme activity + DNA analysis	Usually asymptomatic
	Primary familial and congenital polycythemia^[7]	Autosomal dominant inheritance	EPOR mutation	Very rare	+	+	±	−	−	−	Facial plethora	Nl	-	Nl to ↑	−	−	Altered mental status	↑	↑	Nl	Nl	Nl to ↓	NA	Isolated erythrocytosis + genetic testing	Mild manifestations of hyperviscosity
Category	Disease	Etiology	Mutation	Demography	Fatigue	Headache	Shortness of breath	Bleeding	Pain	Other symptoms	Appearance	SaO2	Fever	BP	Tenderness	Splenomegaly	Other signs	Hb	RBC	WBC	Plt	EPO level	PBS	Gold standard diagnosis	Associated findings
Iatrogenic causes	Smoking^[8]^[9]	Reduced plasma volume Accelerated erythropoiesis	−	Any	−	−	+	−	−	−	Cyanosis	↓	−	Nl	−	−	−	↑	Nl	Nl to ↑	Nl to ↑	Nl to ↓	NA	Clinical manifestation	NA
	Chronic exposure to carbon monoxide^[10]	Occupational exposure	−	Miners, fire fighters	+	+	+	−	−	Dizziness Altered cognition	Cyanosis, flushed cheeks	Nl	−	Nl	−	−	−	↑	↑	Nl	Nl	Nl to ↓	NA	Blood level of carboxyhemoglobin	Concomitant cyanide exposure
	Diuretics^[11]	Reduced plasma volume	-	Any	-	-	-	-	-	Dizziness	Nl	Nl	-	Nl to ↓	-	-	-	↑	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl to ↓	NA	Clinical manifestation	NA
	Use of androgens or anabolic steroids^[12]^[13]	Reduced plasma volume Accelerated erythropoiesis	-	Athletes	-	+	+	-	-	-	Acne and hirsutism	Nl	-	Nl to ↑	-	-	Gynecomastia	↑	↑	Nl	Nl	↓	NA	Clinical manifestation	Hypogonadism Cardiac hypertrophy
	Self-injection of erythropoietin^[14]	Reduced plasma volume Accelerated erythropoiesis	-	Athletes	-	+	+	-	-	-	Muscular	↓	-	↑	-	-	-	↑	↑	Nl	Nl	↑	NA	Erythropoietin level	MI Stroke Thromboembolic disease antibody-mediated anemia
Secondary causes	Secondary polycythemia due to hypoxemia	Chronic lung disease Right-to-left cardiac shunts Sleep apnea High altitude	−	Depends on etiology	+	+	+	−	Depends on etiology	Shortness of breath	Cyanosis	↓	−	Nl to ↑	−	−	Crackles Tachypnea Tachycardia	↑	↑	Nl	Nl	↑	NA	Clinical manifestation + imaging	Variable manifestations given the diverse etiologies
	Secondary polycythemia due to erythropoietin producing tumor	Renal cell carcinoma Hepatocellular carcinoma Cerebellar hemangioblastoma Pheochromocytoma Uterine fibroids	−	Depends on etiology	+	−	−	−	Depends on etiology	Depends on etiology	Chronically ill	Nl	±	Nl to ↑	±	±	Hepatomegaly Bruising	↑/↓	↑/↓	Nl	↑	↑	NA	Clinical manifestation + biopsy	Variable manifestations given the diverse etiologies
	Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia	Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations																↑/↓	↑/↓
Category	Disease	Etiology	Mutation	Demography	Fatigue	Headache	Shortness of breath	Bleeding	Pain	Other symptoms	Appearance	SaO2	Fever	BP	Tenderness	Splenomegaly	Other signs	Hb	RBC	WBC	Plt	EPO level	PBS	Gold standard diagnosis	Associated findings

References

↑ Tefferi A, Barbui T (2015). "Polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia: 2015 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification and management". Am J Hematol. 90 (2): 162–73. doi:10.1002/ajh.23895. PMID 25611051.
↑ Sanchez S, Ewton A (2006). "Essential thrombocythemia: a review of diagnostic and pathologic features". Arch Pathol Lab Med. 130 (8): 1144–50. doi:10.1043/1543-2165(2006)130[1144:ET]2.0.CO;2. PMID 16879015.
↑ Jabbour E, Kantarjian H (2014). "Chronic myeloid leukemia: 2014 update on diagnosis, monitoring, and management". Am J Hematol. 89 (5): 547–56. doi:10.1002/ajh.23691. PMID 24729196.
↑ Stein, Brady L.; Oh, Stephen T.; Berenzon, Dmitriy; Hobbs, Gabriela S.; Kremyanskaya, Marina; Rampal, Raajit K.; Abboud, Camille N.; Adler, Kenneth; Heaney, Mark L.; Jabbour, Elias J.; Komrokji, Rami S.; Moliterno, Alison R.; Ritchie, Ellen K.; Rice, Lawrence; Mascarenhas, John; Hoffman, Ronald (2015). "Polycythemia Vera: An Appraisal of the Biology and Management 10 Years After the Discovery ofJAK2 V617F". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 33 (33): 3953–3960. doi:10.1200/JCO.2015.61.6474. ISSN 0732-183X.
↑ Zhou, Amy W.; Knoche, Eric M.; Engle, Elizabeth K.; Ban-Hoefen, Makiko; Kaiwar, Charu; Oh, Stephen T. (2016). "Clinical Improvement with JAK2 Inhibition in Chuvash Polycythemia". New England Journal of Medicine. 375 (5): 494–496. doi:10.1056/NEJMc1600337. ISSN 0028-4793.
↑ Da-Silva SS, Sajan IS, Underwood JP (August 2003). "Congenital methemoglobinemia: a rare cause of cyanosis in the newborn--a case report". Pediatrics. 112 (2): e158–61. PMID 12897322.
↑ Bento C, McMullin MF, Percy M, et al. Primary Familial and Congenital Polycythemia. 2016 Nov 10. In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, et al., editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2018. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK395975/
↑ Hasselbalch, Hans Carl (2015). "Smoking as a contributing factor for development of polycythemia vera and related neoplasms". Leukemia Research. 39 (11): 1137–1145. doi:10.1016/j.leukres.2015.09.002. ISSN 0145-2126.
↑ Malenica, Maja; Prnjavorac, Besim; Bego, Tamer; Dujic, Tanja; Semiz, Sabina; Skrbo, Selma; Gusic, Amar; Hadzic, Ajla; Causevic, Adlija (2017). "Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Haematological Parameters in Healthy Population". Medical Archives. 71 (2): 132. doi:10.5455/medarh.2017.71.132-136. ISSN 0350-199X.
↑ Wu, P. E.; Juurlink, D. N. (2014). "Carbon monoxide poisoning". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 186 (8): 611–611. doi:10.1503/cmaj.130972. ISSN 0820-3946.
↑ Pollak R, Maddux MS, Cohan J, Jacobsson PK, Mozes MF (March 1988). "Erythrocythemia following renal transplantation: influence of diuretic therapy". Clin. Nephrol. 29 (3): 119–23. PMID 3282731.
↑ Krauss DJ, Taub HA, Lantinga LJ, Dunsky MH, Kelly CM (December 1991). "Risks of blood volume changes in hypogonadal men treated with testosterone enanthate for erectile impotence". J. Urol. 146 (6): 1566–70. PMID 1942342.
↑ Morales A, Johnston B, Heaton JP, Lundie M (March 1997). "Testosterone supplementation for hypogonadal impotence: assessment of biochemical measures and therapeutic outcomes". J. Urol. 157 (3): 849–54. PMID 9072584.
↑ Elliott, S (2008). "Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and other methods to enhance oxygen transport". British Journal of Pharmacology. 154 (3): 529–541. doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.89. ISSN 0007-1188.

[pmid25611051-1] Tefferi A, Barbui T (2015). "Polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia: 2015 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification and management". Am J Hematol. 90 (2): 162–73. doi:10.1002/ajh.23895. PMID 25611051.

[pmid16879015-2] Sanchez S, Ewton A (2006). "Essential thrombocythemia: a review of diagnostic and pathologic features". Arch Pathol Lab Med. 130 (8): 1144–50. doi:10.1043/1543-2165(2006)130[1144:ET]2.0.CO;2. PMID 16879015.

[pmid24729196-3] Jabbour E, Kantarjian H (2014). "Chronic myeloid leukemia: 2014 update on diagnosis, monitoring, and management". Am J Hematol. 89 (5): 547–56. doi:10.1002/ajh.23691. PMID 24729196.

[SteinOh2015-4] Stein, Brady L.; Oh, Stephen T.; Berenzon, Dmitriy; Hobbs, Gabriela S.; Kremyanskaya, Marina; Rampal, Raajit K.; Abboud, Camille N.; Adler, Kenneth; Heaney, Mark L.; Jabbour, Elias J.; Komrokji, Rami S.; Moliterno, Alison R.; Ritchie, Ellen K.; Rice, Lawrence; Mascarenhas, John; Hoffman, Ronald (2015). "Polycythemia Vera: An Appraisal of the Biology and Management 10 Years After the Discovery ofJAK2 V617F". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 33 (33): 3953–3960. doi:10.1200/JCO.2015.61.6474. ISSN 0732-183X.

[ZhouKnoche2016-5] Zhou, Amy W.; Knoche, Eric M.; Engle, Elizabeth K.; Ban-Hoefen, Makiko; Kaiwar, Charu; Oh, Stephen T. (2016). "Clinical Improvement with JAK2 Inhibition in Chuvash Polycythemia". New England Journal of Medicine. 375 (5): 494–496. doi:10.1056/NEJMc1600337. ISSN 0028-4793.

[pmid12897322-6] Da-Silva SS, Sajan IS, Underwood JP (August 2003). "Congenital methemoglobinemia: a rare cause of cyanosis in the newborn--a case report". Pediatrics. 112 (2): e158–61. PMID 12897322.

[7] Bento C, McMullin MF, Percy M, et al. Primary Familial and Congenital Polycythemia. 2016 Nov 10. In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, et al., editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2018. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK395975/

[Hasselbalch2015-8] Hasselbalch, Hans Carl (2015). "Smoking as a contributing factor for development of polycythemia vera and related neoplasms". Leukemia Research. 39 (11): 1137–1145. doi:10.1016/j.leukres.2015.09.002. ISSN 0145-2126.

[MalenicaPrnjavorac2017-9] Malenica, Maja; Prnjavorac, Besim; Bego, Tamer; Dujic, Tanja; Semiz, Sabina; Skrbo, Selma; Gusic, Amar; Hadzic, Ajla; Causevic, Adlija (2017). "Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Haematological Parameters in Healthy Population". Medical Archives. 71 (2): 132. doi:10.5455/medarh.2017.71.132-136. ISSN 0350-199X.

[WuJuurlink2014-10] Wu, P. E.; Juurlink, D. N. (2014). "Carbon monoxide poisoning". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 186 (8): 611–611. doi:10.1503/cmaj.130972. ISSN 0820-3946.

[pmid3282731-11] Pollak R, Maddux MS, Cohan J, Jacobsson PK, Mozes MF (March 1988). "Erythrocythemia following renal transplantation: influence of diuretic therapy". Clin. Nephrol. 29 (3): 119–23. PMID 3282731.

[pmid1942342-12] Krauss DJ, Taub HA, Lantinga LJ, Dunsky MH, Kelly CM (December 1991). "Risks of blood volume changes in hypogonadal men treated with testosterone enanthate for erectile impotence". J. Urol. 146 (6): 1566–70. PMID 1942342.

[pmid9072584-13] Morales A, Johnston B, Heaton JP, Lundie M (March 1997). "Testosterone supplementation for hypogonadal impotence: assessment of biochemical measures and therapeutic outcomes". J. Urol. 157 (3): 849–54. PMID 9072584.

[Elliott20082-14] Elliott, S (2008). "Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and other methods to enhance oxygen transport". British Journal of Pharmacology. 154 (3): 529–541. doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.89. ISSN 0007-1188.

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@@ Line 294: / Line 294: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | NA
 |-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Use of [[Androgen|androgens]] or [[Anabolic steroid|anabolic steroids]]<ref name="pmid1942342">{{cite journal |vauthors=Krauss DJ, Taub HA, Lantinga LJ, Dunsky MH, Kelly CM |title=Risks of blood volume changes in hypogonadal men treated with testosterone enanthate for erectile impotence |journal=J. Urol. |volume=146 |issue=6 |pages=1566–70 |date=December 1991 |pmid=1942342 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Use of [[Androgen|androgens]] or [[Anabolic steroid|anabolic steroids]]<ref name="pmid1942342">{{cite journal |vauthors=Krauss DJ, Taub HA, Lantinga LJ, Dunsky MH, Kelly CM |title=Risks of blood volume changes in hypogonadal men treated with testosterone enanthate for erectile impotence |journal=J. Urol. |volume=146 |issue=6 |pages=1566–70 |date=December 1991 |pmid=1942342 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9072584">{{cite journal |vauthors=Morales A, Johnston B, Heaton JP, Lundie M |title=Testosterone supplementation for hypogonadal impotence: assessment of biochemical measures and therapeutic outcomes |journal=J. Urol. |volume=157 |issue=3 |pages=849–54 |date=March 1997 |pmid=9072584 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
 * Reduced plasma volume
@@ Line 301: / Line 301: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Athletes
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Acne vulgaris|Acne]] and [[hirsutism]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Muscular
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
@@ Line 312: / Line 312: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* Gynecomastia
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
@@ Line 322: / Line 323: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
 * [[Hypogonadism]]
+* [[Cardiomegaly|Cardiac hypertrophy]]
 |-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Self-injection of [[erythropoietin]]
+! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Self-injection of [[erythropoietin]]<ref name="Elliott20082">{{cite journal|last1=Elliott|first1=S|title=Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and other methods to enhance oxygen transport|journal=British Journal of Pharmacology|volume=154|issue=3|year=2008|pages=529–541|issn=00071188|doi=10.1038/bjp.2008.89}}</ref>
 | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
 * Reduced plasma volume
@@ Line 331: / Line 333: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Muscular
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl to ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
@@ Line 346: / Line 348: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |NA
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Clinical manifestation
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |[[Erythropoietin]] level
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
-* [[Hypogonadism]]
+* [[ST elevation myocardial infarction|MI]]
+* [[Stroke]]
+* [[Thrombosis|Thromboembolic disease]]
+* antibody-mediated anemia
 |-
 ! rowspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Secondary causes
@@ Line 419: / Line 424: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |NA
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Clinical manifestation + imaging
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Clinical manifestation + [[biopsy]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
 * Variable manifestations given the diverse etiologies

Polycythemia differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 17:37, 22 August 2018

Overview

Differential Diagnosis of Polycythemia

References

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