Pleural effusion causes: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
Line 4: Line 4:


==Overview==
==Overview==
Common causes of transudative pleural effusion include;<ref name="pmid27164734">{{cite journal| author=Chawla RK, Madan A, Chawla A, Arora HN, Chawla K| title=Bilateral Pleural Effusion: A Rare Case Report. | journal=Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci | year= 2015 | volume= 57 | issue= 4 | pages= 243-5 | pmid=27164734 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27164734  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26963358">{{cite journal| author=Gilbert CR, Yarmus LB, Feller-Kopman DJ, Lee HJ, Gorden JA| title=The Undefined Value of Pleural Interventions in Advanced Heart Failure and Recurrent Pleural Effusions. | journal=Ann Am Thorac Soc | year= 2016 | volume= 13 | issue= 3 | pages= 447-8 | pmid=26963358 | doi=10.1513/AnnalsATS.201512-825LE | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26963358  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23494296">{{cite journal| author=Riccio E, Argentino G, Pisani A, Memoli B| title=Pleural effusion in peritoneal dialysis: overload or leakage? | journal=Clin Exp Nephrol | year= 2013 | volume= 17 | issue= 6 | pages= 907 | pmid=23494296 | doi=10.1007/s10157-013-0794-8 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23494296  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26305084">{{cite journal| author=Shah S, Robson N, Sajid S| title=Pleuro-Peritoneal Fistula – An Important Condition to Consider in Patients using Peritoneal Dialysis. | journal=Acute Med | year= 2015 | volume= 14 | issue= 2 | pages= 69-71 | pmid=26305084 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26305084  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23853026">{{cite journal| author=Asim M, Hamid EM| title=Pleuroperitoneal leak in a peritoneal dialysis patient. | journal=BMJ Case Rep | year= 2013 | volume= 2013 | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=23853026 | doi=10.1136/bcr-2013-200130 | pmc=3736585 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23853026  }} </ref> [[heart failure|left ventricular failure]], [[Nephrotic syndrome]], and [[cirrhosis]], while common causes of exudative pleural effusions<ref name="pmid26897270">{{cite journal| author=Lee J, Lim JK, Lee SY, Yoo SS, Lee SY, Cha SI et al.| title=Neutrophilic Loculated Tuberculous Pleural Effusion: Incidence, Characteristics and Differentiation From Complicated Parapneumonic Effusion. | journal=Am J Med Sci | year= 2016 | volume= 351 | issue= 2 | pages= 153-9 | pmid=26897270 | doi=10.1016/j.amjms.2015.11.010 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26897270  }} </ref> are bacterial [[pneumonia]], cancer (with [[lung cancer]], [[breast cancer]], and [[lymphoma]] causing approximately 75% of all malignant pleural effusions), viral infection, and [[pulmonary embolism]]. Pulmonary embolism may lead to formation of either transudate or exudate however, an exudate is commonly observed.
Common causes of transudative pleural effusion include [[heart failure|left ventricular failure]], [[nephrotic syndrome]], and [[cirrhosis]].<ref name="pmid27164734">{{cite journal| author=Chawla RK, Madan A, Chawla A, Arora HN, Chawla K| title=Bilateral Pleural Effusion: A Rare Case Report. | journal=Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci | year= 2015 | volume= 57 | issue= 4 | pages= 243-5 | pmid=27164734 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27164734  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26963358">{{cite journal| author=Gilbert CR, Yarmus LB, Feller-Kopman DJ, Lee HJ, Gorden JA| title=The Undefined Value of Pleural Interventions in Advanced Heart Failure and Recurrent Pleural Effusions. | journal=Ann Am Thorac Soc | year= 2016 | volume= 13 | issue= 3 | pages= 447-8 | pmid=26963358 | doi=10.1513/AnnalsATS.201512-825LE | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26963358  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23494296">{{cite journal| author=Riccio E, Argentino G, Pisani A, Memoli B| title=Pleural effusion in peritoneal dialysis: overload or leakage? | journal=Clin Exp Nephrol | year= 2013 | volume= 17 | issue= 6 | pages= 907 | pmid=23494296 | doi=10.1007/s10157-013-0794-8 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23494296  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26305084">{{cite journal| author=Shah S, Robson N, Sajid S| title=Pleuro-Peritoneal Fistula – An Important Condition to Consider in Patients using Peritoneal Dialysis. | journal=Acute Med | year= 2015 | volume= 14 | issue= 2 | pages= 69-71 | pmid=26305084 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26305084  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23853026">{{cite journal| author=Asim M, Hamid EM| title=Pleuroperitoneal leak in a peritoneal dialysis patient. | journal=BMJ Case Rep | year= 2013 | volume= 2013 | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=23853026 | doi=10.1136/bcr-2013-200130 | pmc=3736585 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23853026  }} </ref> Common causes of exudative pleural effusions include: bacterial [[pneumonia]], cancer (with [[lung cancer]], [[breast cancer]], and [[lymphoma]] causing approximately 75% of all malignant pleural effusions), viral infection, and [[pulmonary embolism]].<ref name="pmid26897270">{{cite journal| author=Lee J, Lim JK, Lee SY, Yoo SS, Lee SY, Cha SI et al.| title=Neutrophilic Loculated Tuberculous Pleural Effusion: Incidence, Characteristics and Differentiation From Complicated Parapneumonic Effusion. | journal=Am J Med Sci | year= 2016 | volume= 351 | issue= 2 | pages= 153-9 | pmid=26897270 | doi=10.1016/j.amjms.2015.11.010 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26897270  }} </ref> Pulmonary embolism may lead to formation of either transudate or exudate, however, an exudate is commonly observed.


==Causes of transudates==
==Causes of Transudates==
===Most common causes===
===Most Common Causes===
Most common causes of transudative pleural effusion include:<ref name="pmid27164734">{{cite journal| author=Chawla RK, Madan A, Chawla A, Arora HN, Chawla K| title=Bilateral Pleural Effusion: A Rare Case Report. | journal=Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci | year= 2015 | volume= 57 | issue= 4 | pages= 243-5 | pmid=27164734 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27164734  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26963358">{{cite journal| author=Gilbert CR, Yarmus LB, Feller-Kopman DJ, Lee HJ, Gorden JA| title=The Undefined Value of Pleural Interventions in Advanced Heart Failure and Recurrent Pleural Effusions. | journal=Ann Am Thorac Soc | year= 2016 | volume= 13 | issue= 3 | pages= 447-8 | pmid=26963358 | doi=10.1513/AnnalsATS.201512-825LE | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26963358  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23494296">{{cite journal| author=Riccio E, Argentino G, Pisani A, Memoli B| title=Pleural effusion in peritoneal dialysis: overload or leakage? | journal=Clin Exp Nephrol | year= 2013 | volume= 17 | issue= 6 | pages= 907 | pmid=23494296 | doi=10.1007/s10157-013-0794-8 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23494296  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26305084">{{cite journal| author=Shah S, Robson N, Sajid S| title=Pleuro-Peritoneal Fistula – An Important Condition to Consider in Patients using Peritoneal Dialysis. | journal=Acute Med | year= 2015 | volume= 14 | issue= 2 | pages= 69-71 | pmid=26305084 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26305084  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23853026">{{cite journal| author=Asim M, Hamid EM| title=Pleuroperitoneal leak in a peritoneal dialysis patient. | journal=BMJ Case Rep | year= 2013 | volume= 2013 | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=23853026 | doi=10.1136/bcr-2013-200130 | pmc=3736585 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23853026  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9874325">{{cite journal| author=Butani L, Polinsky MS, Kaiser BA, Baluarte HJ| title=Pleural effusion complicating acute peritoneal dialysis in hemolytic uremic syndrome. | journal=Pediatr Nephrol | year= 1998 | volume= 12 | issue= 9 | pages= 772-4 | pmid=9874325 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9874325  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9035166">{{cite journal| author=Hanna J, Truemper E, Burton E| title=Superior vena cava thrombosis and chylothorax: relationship in pediatric nephrotic syndrome. | journal=Pediatr Nephrol | year= 1997 | volume= 11 | issue= 1 | pages= 20-2 | pmid=9035166 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9035166  }} </ref><ref name="pmid4479274">{{cite journal| author=Jenkins PG, Shelp WD| title=Recurrent pleural transudate in the nephrotic syndrome. A new approach to treatment. | journal=JAMA | year= 1974 | volume= 230 | issue= 4 | pages= 587-8 | pmid=4479274 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4479274  }} </ref>
Most common causes of transudative pleural effusion include:<ref name="pmid27164734">{{cite journal| author=Chawla RK, Madan A, Chawla A, Arora HN, Chawla K| title=Bilateral Pleural Effusion: A Rare Case Report. | journal=Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci | year= 2015 | volume= 57 | issue= 4 | pages= 243-5 | pmid=27164734 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27164734  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26963358">{{cite journal| author=Gilbert CR, Yarmus LB, Feller-Kopman DJ, Lee HJ, Gorden JA| title=The Undefined Value of Pleural Interventions in Advanced Heart Failure and Recurrent Pleural Effusions. | journal=Ann Am Thorac Soc | year= 2016 | volume= 13 | issue= 3 | pages= 447-8 | pmid=26963358 | doi=10.1513/AnnalsATS.201512-825LE | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26963358  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23494296">{{cite journal| author=Riccio E, Argentino G, Pisani A, Memoli B| title=Pleural effusion in peritoneal dialysis: overload or leakage? | journal=Clin Exp Nephrol | year= 2013 | volume= 17 | issue= 6 | pages= 907 | pmid=23494296 | doi=10.1007/s10157-013-0794-8 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23494296  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26305084">{{cite journal| author=Shah S, Robson N, Sajid S| title=Pleuro-Peritoneal Fistula – An Important Condition to Consider in Patients using Peritoneal Dialysis. | journal=Acute Med | year= 2015 | volume= 14 | issue= 2 | pages= 69-71 | pmid=26305084 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26305084  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23853026">{{cite journal| author=Asim M, Hamid EM| title=Pleuroperitoneal leak in a peritoneal dialysis patient. | journal=BMJ Case Rep | year= 2013 | volume= 2013 | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=23853026 | doi=10.1136/bcr-2013-200130 | pmc=3736585 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23853026  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9874325">{{cite journal| author=Butani L, Polinsky MS, Kaiser BA, Baluarte HJ| title=Pleural effusion complicating acute peritoneal dialysis in hemolytic uremic syndrome. | journal=Pediatr Nephrol | year= 1998 | volume= 12 | issue= 9 | pages= 772-4 | pmid=9874325 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9874325  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9035166">{{cite journal| author=Hanna J, Truemper E, Burton E| title=Superior vena cava thrombosis and chylothorax: relationship in pediatric nephrotic syndrome. | journal=Pediatr Nephrol | year= 1997 | volume= 11 | issue= 1 | pages= 20-2 | pmid=9035166 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9035166  }} </ref><ref name="pmid4479274">{{cite journal| author=Jenkins PG, Shelp WD| title=Recurrent pleural transudate in the nephrotic syndrome. A new approach to treatment. | journal=JAMA | year= 1974 | volume= 230 | issue= 4 | pages= 587-8 | pmid=4479274 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4479274  }} </ref>
* [[heart failure|Left ventricular failure]]
* [[heart failure|Left ventricular failure]]
*[[Peritoneal dialysis]]
*[[Peritoneal dialysis]]
*[[Hypoalbuminaemia]]([[Nephrotic syndrome]] and [[Cirrhosis]] )
*[[Hypoalbuminaemia]] ([[nephrotic syndrome]] and [[cirrhosis]] )


===Less common causes===
===Less Common Causes===
*[[Hypothyroidism]]
*[[Hypothyroidism]]
*[[Mitral stenosis]]
*[[Mitral stenosis]]
*[[Pulmonary embolism]] (tends to produce a comparatively small effusion but disproportionate dyspnoea and pleuritic pain; 80% are exudates, 20% are transudates).
*[[Pulmonary embolism]] (tends to produce a comparatively small effusion but disproportionate [[dyspnea]] and [[pleuritic pain]]; 80% are exudates, 20% are transudates).


===Rare causes===
===Rare Causes===
*[[Superior vena cava]] obstruction (usually due to lung cancer).
*[[Superior vena cava]] obstruction (usually due to lung cancer)
*[[Constrictive pericarditis]].
*[[Constrictive pericarditis]]
*Ovarian hyperstimulation.
*[[Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome|Ovarian hyperstimulation]]
*[[Meigs' syndrome]] (benign ovarian tumour, ascites and pleural effusion).
*[[Meigs' syndrome]] (benign [[ovarian tumor]], [[ascites]], and pleural effusion)




==Causes of exudates==
==Causes of Exudates==
===Common causes===
===Most Common Causes===
Most common causes of exudative pleural effusion include:<ref name="pmid26897270">{{cite journal| author=Lee J, Lim JK, Lee SY, Yoo SS, Lee SY, Cha SI et al.| title=Neutrophilic Loculated Tuberculous Pleural Effusion: Incidence, Characteristics and Differentiation From Complicated Parapneumonic Effusion. | journal=Am J Med Sci | year= 2016 | volume= 351 | issue= 2 | pages= 153-9 | pmid=26897270 | doi=10.1016/j.amjms.2015.11.010 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26897270  }} </ref>
Most common causes of exudative pleural effusion include:<ref name="pmid26897270">{{cite journal| author=Lee J, Lim JK, Lee SY, Yoo SS, Lee SY, Cha SI et al.| title=Neutrophilic Loculated Tuberculous Pleural Effusion: Incidence, Characteristics and Differentiation From Complicated Parapneumonic Effusion. | journal=Am J Med Sci | year= 2016 | volume= 351 | issue= 2 | pages= 153-9 | pmid=26897270 | doi=10.1016/j.amjms.2015.11.010 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26897270  }} </ref>
* Bacterial [[pneumonia]]
* Bacterial [[pneumonia]]
* Malignancy ([[Lung cancer]], [[breast cancer]], and [[lymphoma]])
* Malignancy ([[lung cancer]], [[breast cancer]], and [[lymphoma]])
* [[Pulmonary embolism]]
* [[Pulmonary embolism]]


===Less common causes===
===Less Common Causes===
*[[Pulmonary infarction]] (usually resulting from pulmonary embolism).
*[[Pulmonary infarction]] (usually resulting from pulmonary embolism)
*[[Autoimmune disease]], especially [[rheumatoid arthritis]] and [[systemic lupus erythematosus]]
*[[Autoimmune disease]], especially [[rheumatoid arthritis]] and [[systemic lupus erythematosus]]
*[[Asbestos]] exposure.
*[[Asbestos]] exposure
*[[Pancreatitis]].
*[[Pancreatitis]]
*Complication of [[acute myocardial infarction]] ([[Dressler's syndrome]]).
*Complication of [[acute myocardial infarction]] ([[Dressler's syndrome]])
*[[Tuberculosis]] (TB) (the most common cause of pleural effusion in some developing countries where [[TB]] is endemic)
*[[Tuberculosis]] (TB) (the most common cause of pleural effusion in some developing countries where [[TB]] is endemic)
*[[multiple myeloma]]<ref name="pmid26875957">{{cite journal| author=Wang Z, Xia G, Lan L, Liu F, Wang Y, Liu B et al.| title=Pleural Effusion in Multiple Myeloma. | journal=Intern Med | year= 2016 | volume= 55 | issue= 4 | pages= 339-45 | pmid=26875957 | doi=10.2169/internalmedicine.55.4733 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26875957  }} </ref>
*[[Multiple myeloma]]<ref name="pmid26875957">{{cite journal| author=Wang Z, Xia G, Lan L, Liu F, Wang Y, Liu B et al.| title=Pleural Effusion in Multiple Myeloma. | journal=Intern Med | year= 2016 | volume= 55 | issue= 4 | pages= 339-45 | pmid=26875957 | doi=10.2169/internalmedicine.55.4733 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26875957  }} </ref>


===Rare causes===
===Rare Causes===


*[[Yellow nail syndrome]] (yellow nails, [[lymphoedema]], [[pleural effusion]] and [[bronchiectasis]]).
*[[Yellow nail syndrome]] (yellow nails, [[lymphoedema]], [[pleural effusion]] and [[bronchiectasis]])
*Adverse drug reactions (the most common are [[methotrexate]], [[amiodarone]], [[nitrofurantoin]] and [[phenytoin]]).
*Adverse drug reactions (the most common are [[methotrexate]], [[amiodarone]], [[nitrofurantoin]], and [[phenytoin]])
*Fungal infections
*Fungal infections
*accidental infusion of fluids.  
*Accidental infusion of fluids   
*esophageal rupture or pancreatic disease
*[[Esophageal rupture]] or pancreatic disease
*intraabdominal abscess  
*Intraabdominal abscess  
*[[radiation therapy]]
*[[Radiation therapy]]
*operative procedures as seen in [[coronary artery bypass surgery]], liver or lung transplantation, abdominal surgery, endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy, and insertion of central lines.
*Operative procedures as seen in [[coronary artery bypass surgery]], liver or lung transplantation, abdominal surgery, endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy, and insertion of central lines


=====Commonly asymptomatic patients presenting with a pleural effusion=====
===Common Asymptomatic Patients Presenting with Pleural Effusion===
* [[Asbestosis|Benign asbestos pleural effusion]] (BAPE)
* [[Asbestosis|Benign asbestos pleural effusion]] (BAPE)
* [[Hypoalbuminemia]]
* [[Hypoalbuminemia]]
Line 62: Line 62:
* [[Yellow nail syndrome]]
* [[Yellow nail syndrome]]


=====Typically symptomatic patients presenting with a pleural effusion=====
===Typical Symptomatic Patients Presenting with a Pleural Effusion===
* [[Pneumonia|Bacterial pneumonia]]
* [[Pneumonia|Bacterial pneumonia]]
* [[Pleural effusion]] associated with [[malignancy]]
* [[Pleural effusion]] associated with [[malignancy]]
Line 70: Line 70:
* Postcardiac injury syndrome (PCIS)
* Postcardiac injury syndrome (PCIS)
* [[Pulmonary embolism]]
* [[Pulmonary embolism]]
* [[Tuberculous pleural effusion]]
* Tuberculous pleural effusion
* Viral [[pleurisy]]<ref name="isbn0-7817-6957-4">{{cite book | author = Light, Richard J. | authorlink = | editor = |others = | title = Pleural diseases | edition = | language = | publisher = Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | location = Hagerstwon, MD | year = 2007 |origyear = | pages = |quote = | isbn = 0-7817-6957-4 | oclc = |doi = |url = | accessdate = }}</ref>
* Viral [[pleurisy]]<ref name="isbn0-7817-6957-4">{{cite book | author = Light, Richard J. | authorlink = | editor = |others = | title = Pleural diseases | edition = | language = | publisher = Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | location = Hagerstwon, MD | year = 2007 |origyear = | pages = |quote = | isbn = 0-7817-6957-4 | oclc = |doi = |url = | accessdate = }}</ref>


Revision as of 15:37, 6 April 2017

Pleural effusion Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Pleural Effusion from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

Chest X Ray

Echocardiography and Ultrasound

CT Scan

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Pleural effusion causes On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Pleural effusion causes

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Pleural effusion causes

CDC on Pleural effusion causes

Pleural effusion causes in the news

Blogs on Pleural effusion causes

Directions to Hospitals Treating Pleural effusion

Risk calculators and risk factors for Pleural effusion causes

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Prince Tano Djan, BSc, MBChB [2]

Overview

Common causes of transudative pleural effusion include left ventricular failure, nephrotic syndrome, and cirrhosis.[1][2][3][4][5] Common causes of exudative pleural effusions include: bacterial pneumonia, cancer (with lung cancer, breast cancer, and lymphoma causing approximately 75% of all malignant pleural effusions), viral infection, and pulmonary embolism.[6] Pulmonary embolism may lead to formation of either transudate or exudate, however, an exudate is commonly observed.

Causes of Transudates

Most Common Causes

Most common causes of transudative pleural effusion include:[1][2][3][4][5][7][8][9]

Less Common Causes

Rare Causes


Causes of Exudates

Most Common Causes

Most common causes of exudative pleural effusion include:[6]

Less Common Causes

Rare Causes

Common Asymptomatic Patients Presenting with Pleural Effusion

Typical Symptomatic Patients Presenting with a Pleural Effusion

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Central venous stenosis, congestive heart failure, constrictive pericarditis, Dressler's syndrome, pulmonary embolus, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary infarction, restrictive cardiomyopathy, superior vena cava syndrome, Uhl anomaly, Wegener's granulomatosis, Churg-Strauss syndrome
Chemical / poisoning No underlying causes
Dermatologic Jaffe-Campanacci syndrome, yellow nail syndrome
Drug Side Effect Bromocriptine, Bosutinib, cabergoline, dasatinib, everolimus, ethanolamine oleate, Hydroxocobalamin, lisuride, Meropenem, Oprelvekin, pergolide, Pertuzumab, piribedil, pramipexole, ropinirole, Sargramostim, minoxidil, sirolimus
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Myxedema
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Cirrhosis of liver, esophageal perforation, hepatic failure, pancreatitis, protein losing enteropathy, Whipple's disease, abdominal abscess
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, EBV associated lymphoproliferative syndrome, lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lymphangiomyomatosis
Iatrogenic Abdominal surgery, CABG, central venous catheter, endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy, liver transplantation, lung transplantation, post open heart surgery, radiotherapy
Infectious Disease Abdominal abscess, actinomycosis, anthrax, asbestosis, aspergillosis, atypical mycobacteria, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, empyema, Francisella tularensis , hydatid disease, paragonimiasis, pneumonia, scrub typhus, subphrenic abscess, tuberculosis, Whipple's disease
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Diaphragmatic hernia, Gorham's disease, Rheumatoid arthritis
Neurologic Jaffe-Campanacci syndrome, Neurofibromatosis
Nutritional / Metabolic Malnutrition
Obstetric/Gynecologic Fetal indomethacin syndrome,[12] ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
Oncologic Adenocarcinoma of lung, breast cancer, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, EBV associated lymphoproliferative syndrome, Kaposi sarcoma, lung cancer, lymphoma, malignancy, Meigs' syndrome, mesothelioma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, neurofibromatosis, bronchial neoplasm, bronchogenic carcinoma, lung cancer
Opthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary bronchial neoplasm, bronchogenic carcinoma, chylothorax, extensive atelectasis, extramedullary haemopoiesis, haemothorax, lung cancer, lupus pleuritis, lymphangiomyomatosis, pleurisy, pleuritis, pulmonary edema, recurrent polyserositis, urinothorax, yellow nail syndrome , empyema, pneumonia, tuberculosis, Adenocarcinoma of lung, Lung cancer, Meigs' syndrome, Mesothelioma, Jaffe-Campanacci syndrome
Renal / Electrolyte Chronic renal failure, nephrotic syndrome
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Churg-Strauss syndrome, sarcoidosis, Sjogren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, Dressler's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus pleuritis
Sexual Jaffe-Campanacci syndrome
Trauma Chest trauma
Urologic No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Hypoproteinemia, radiation

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Chawla RK, Madan A, Chawla A, Arora HN, Chawla K (2015). "Bilateral Pleural Effusion: A Rare Case Report". Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci. 57 (4): 243–5. PMID 27164734.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Gilbert CR, Yarmus LB, Feller-Kopman DJ, Lee HJ, Gorden JA (2016). "The Undefined Value of Pleural Interventions in Advanced Heart Failure and Recurrent Pleural Effusions". Ann Am Thorac Soc. 13 (3): 447–8. doi:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201512-825LE. PMID 26963358.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Riccio E, Argentino G, Pisani A, Memoli B (2013). "Pleural effusion in peritoneal dialysis: overload or leakage?". Clin Exp Nephrol. 17 (6): 907. doi:10.1007/s10157-013-0794-8. PMID 23494296.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Shah S, Robson N, Sajid S (2015). "Pleuro-Peritoneal Fistula – An Important Condition to Consider in Patients using Peritoneal Dialysis". Acute Med. 14 (2): 69–71. PMID 26305084.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Asim M, Hamid EM (2013). "Pleuroperitoneal leak in a peritoneal dialysis patient". BMJ Case Rep. 2013. doi:10.1136/bcr-2013-200130. PMC 3736585. PMID 23853026.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Lee J, Lim JK, Lee SY, Yoo SS, Lee SY, Cha SI; et al. (2016). "Neutrophilic Loculated Tuberculous Pleural Effusion: Incidence, Characteristics and Differentiation From Complicated Parapneumonic Effusion". Am J Med Sci. 351 (2): 153–9. doi:10.1016/j.amjms.2015.11.010. PMID 26897270.
  7. ↑ Butani L, Polinsky MS, Kaiser BA, Baluarte HJ (1998). "Pleural effusion complicating acute peritoneal dialysis in hemolytic uremic syndrome". Pediatr Nephrol. 12 (9): 772–4. PMID 9874325.
  8. ↑ Hanna J, Truemper E, Burton E (1997). "Superior vena cava thrombosis and chylothorax: relationship in pediatric nephrotic syndrome". Pediatr Nephrol. 11 (1): 20–2. PMID 9035166.
  9. ↑ Jenkins PG, Shelp WD (1974). "Recurrent pleural transudate in the nephrotic syndrome. A new approach to treatment". JAMA. 230 (4): 587–8. PMID 4479274.
  10. ↑ Wang Z, Xia G, Lan L, Liu F, Wang Y, Liu B; et al. (2016). "Pleural Effusion in Multiple Myeloma". Intern Med. 55 (4): 339–45. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.55.4733. PMID 26875957.
  11. ↑ Light, Richard J. (2007). Pleural diseases. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-6957-4.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Murray HG, Stone PR, Strand L, Flower J (1993). "Fetal pleural effusion following maternal indomethacin therapy". Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 100 (3): 277–9. PMID 8476835.
  13. ↑ Bartlett RP, Greipp PR, Tefferi A, Cupps RE, Mullan BP, Trastek VF (1995). "Extramedullary hematopoiesis manifesting as a symptomatic pleural effusion". Mayo Clin Proc. 70 (12): 1161–4. doi:10.1016/S0025-6196(11)63442-3. PMID 7490917.

Template:WH Template:WS

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Pleural_effusion_causes&oldid=1305573"