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===Chronic Otitis Externa===
===Chronic Otitis Externa===
*Otitis externa is considered chronic for cases that persist greater than 3 months with treatment.<ref name="pmid24421666">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hui CP |title=Acute otitis externa |journal=Paediatr Child Health |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=96–101 |year=2013 |pmid=24421666 |pmc=3567906 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Otitis externa is considered chronic in cases that persist greater than 3 months with treatment.<ref name="pmid24421666">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hui CP |title=Acute otitis externa |journal=Paediatr Child Health |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=96–101 |year=2013 |pmid=24421666 |pmc=3567906 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
**Usually, it is diagnosed for cases in which [[antibiotic]] therapy does not alleviate symptoms.
**It is usually diagnosed in cases which [[antibiotic]] therapy does not alleviate symptoms.
*Chronic otitis externa is primarily caused by the following:
**[[Otomycosis]], particularly by ''[[Candida albicans]]'' and ''[[Aspergillus niger]]''
**Allergic [[rhinitis]]
**Underlying [[dermatoses]]:
***[[Eczema]]
***[[Seborrhea]]
***[[Psoriasis]]
***[[Contact dermatitis]]
*Symptoms of chronic otitis externa are predominantly [[itching]], due to the presence of dermatalogical condition or [[fungal]] debris.
**[[Otorrhea]] is more common in chronic otitis externa than the acute presentation.
*Treatment of chronic otitis externa resolves around treating the underlying condition, including [[corticosteroid]] therapy for dermatological conditions and topical anti-[[fungal]] medications for [[otomycosis]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Yaganeh Moghadam A, Asadi MA, Dehghani R, Zarei Mahmoudabadi A, Rayegan F, Hooshyar H, Khorshidi A |title=Evaluating the effect of a mixture of alcohol and acetic acid for otomycosis therapy |journal=Jundishapur J Microbiol |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=66–70 |year=2010 |url=http://jjm.ajums.ac.ir/_jjm/documents/Issue%207MA.pdf |format=PDF}}</ref>


===Malignant Necrotizing Otitis Externa===
===Malignant Necrotizing Otitis Externa===

Revision as of 20:38, 6 August 2016

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Luke Rusowicz-Orazem, B.S.

Overview

Otitis externa is classified as acute, chronic, or malignant based on the duration of the disease, diffusion of the infection, and the severity of symptoms.

Classification

Otitis externa is classified by duration, diffusion, and symptom severity.

Acute Otitis Externa

Chronic Otitis Externa

  • Otitis externa is considered chronic in cases that persist greater than 3 months with treatment.[1]
    • It is usually diagnosed in cases which antibiotic therapy does not alleviate symptoms.

Malignant Necrotizing Otitis Externa

  • Acute otitis externa becomes reclassified as malignant and necrotizing when the infectious pathogen diffuses from the ear canal and infects the temporal bones, as well as bones in the ear adjacent to the canal, leading to damage and degradation.[3][4]
  • It is usually caused by the bacterial pathogen responsible for the acute variant, usually Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
  • Otitis externa becomes malignant when the patient is immunocompromised.
    • It usually occurs in acute otitis externa patients with diabetes or undergoing chemotherapy, leading to reduced ability to counter the spread of the pathogen.
  • Malignant otitis externa will usually manifest with the following symptoms:
  • Treatment of malignant otitis externa requires therapy targeting the pathogen as well as the source for immunocompromisation.

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Hui CP (2013). "Acute otitis externa". Paediatr Child Health. 18 (2): 96–101. PMC 3567906. PMID 24421666.
  2. Schaefer P, Baugh RF (2012). "Acute otitis externa: an update". Am Fam Physician. 86 (11): 1055–61. PMID 23198673.
  3. Handzel O, Halperin D (2003). "Necrotizing (malignant) external otitis". Am Fam Physician. 68 (2): 309–12. PMID 12892351.
  4. "Malignant otitis externa: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia".

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