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{{Oral cancer}} | {{Oral cancer}} | ||
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Simrat}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Simrat}}, {{SSW}}; {{GRR}} {{Nat}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Biopsy of the tumor tissue is diagnostic of oral cancer. Other diagnostic studies for oral cancer include [[endoscopy]], indirect pharyngoscopy, [[laryngoscopy]], exfoliative [[cytology]], [[barium swallow]], [[chest x-ray]] and [[bone scan]]. | Biopsy of the [[tumor]] [[Tissue (biology)|tissue]] is [[diagnostic]] of oral cancer. Other [[Diagnostic|diagnostic studies]] for oral cancer include [[endoscopy]], indirect pharyngoscopy, [[laryngoscopy]], exfoliative [[cytology]], [[barium swallow]], [[chest x-ray]] and [[bone scan]]. | ||
==Oral Cancer Other Diagnostic Studies== | |||
===Biopsy=== | ===Biopsy=== | ||
Only a biopsy can give a definitive oral cancer | * Only a [[biopsy]] can give a definitive [[diagnosis]] of oral cancer. | ||
* The types of [[biopsies]] typically used for [[Diagnosis|diagnosing]] oral cancers are:<ref name="pmid17633153">{{cite journal |vauthors=Calabrese L, Bruschini R, Ansarin M, Giugliano G, De Cicco C, Ionna F, Paganelli G, Maffini F, Werner JA, Soutar D |title=Role of sentinel lymph node biopsy in oral cancer |journal=Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=345–9 |date=December 2006 |pmid=17633153 |pmc=2639993 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid176331532">{{cite journal |vauthors=Calabrese L, Bruschini R, Ansarin M, Giugliano G, De Cicco C, Ionna F, Paganelli G, Maffini F, Werner JA, Soutar D |title=Role of sentinel lymph node biopsy in oral cancer |journal=Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=345–9 |date=December 2006 |pmid=17633153 |pmc=2639993 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
**Incisional [[biopsy]] | |||
**[[Fine needle aspiration]] ([[Needle aspiration biopsy|FNA]]) | |||
**[[Sentinel lymph node]] [[biopsy]] | |||
===Endoscopy=== | ===Endoscopy=== | ||
[[Endoscopy]] is used to examine areas inside the body for the diagnosis, staging and treatment of cancer. | * [[Endoscopy]] is used to examine areas inside the body for the diagnosis, staging and treatment of cancer. [[Endoscopy]] is used to:<ref name="pmid19809432">{{cite journal |vauthors=Thong PS, Olivo M, Chin WW, Bhuvaneswari R, Mancer K, Soo KC |title=Clinical application of fluorescence endoscopic imaging using hypericin for the diagnosis of human oral cavity lesions |journal=Br. J. Cancer |volume=101 |issue=9 |pages=1580–4 |date=November 2009 |pmid=19809432 |pmc=2778520 |doi=10.1038/sj.bjc.6605357 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21413101">{{cite journal |vauthors=Muldoon TJ, Roblyer D, Williams MD, Stepanek VM, Richards-Kortum R, Gillenwater AM |title=Noninvasive imaging of oral neoplasia with a high-resolution fiber-optic microendoscope |journal=Head Neck |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=305–12 |date=March 2012 |pmid=21413101 |pmc=3078517 |doi=10.1002/hed.21735 |url=}}</ref> | ||
Endoscopy is used to: | **Detect [[cancer]] at an early stage | ||
*Detect cancer at an early stage | **[[Diagnose]] a oral cancer | ||
*Diagnose a oral cancer | **Take [[biopsies]] | ||
*Take [[biopsies]] | **Locate and remove [[cancerous]] (or pre-[[cancerous]]) [[Tissue (biology)|tissue]]<nowiki/>s | ||
*Locate and remove cancerous (or pre-cancerous) tissue | **Determine if [[cancer]] has spread | ||
*Determine if cancer has spread | |||
===Indirect | ===Indirect pharyngoscopy and laryngoscopy === | ||
Indirect pharyngoscopy and | * Indirect pharyngoscopy and [[laryngoscopy]] check for any signs of oral cancer and to examine the back of [[throat]]. | ||
* People [[Diagnosis|diagnosed]] with oral cancer are also at an increased risk for other [[head and neck cancers]], so a doctor will also examine the [[nasopharynx]]. | |||
===Exfoliative cytology=== | ===Exfoliative cytology=== | ||
Exfoliative [[cytology]] may be used for diagnosis of oral cancer but some cancers may be missed | * Exfoliative [[cytology]] may be used for [[diagnosis]] of oral cancer, but some [[cancers]] may be missed or may be confused with abnormal non-[[cancerous]] [[Cell (biology)|cells]].<ref name="pmid1068977">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bánóczy J |title=Exfoliative cytologic examinations in the early diagnosis of oral cancer |journal=Int Dent J |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=398–404 |date=December 1976 |pmid=1068977 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20426699">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pérez-Sayánsm M, Somoza-Martín JM, Barros-Angueira F, Reboiras-López MD, Gándara-Vila P, Gándara Rey JM, García-García A |title=Exfoliative cytology for diagnosing oral cancer |journal=Biotech Histochem |volume=85 |issue=3 |pages=177–87 |date=April 2010 |pmid=20426699 |doi=10.3109/10520290903162730 |url=}}</ref> | ||
===Barium swallow=== | ===Barium swallow=== | ||
A [[barium swallow]] test may show any irregularities in the [[larynx]], [[pharynx]], mouth and surrounding areas | * A [[barium swallow]] test may show any irregularities in the [[larynx]], [[pharynx]], mouth and surrounding areas and can detect small, early oral tumors.<ref name="pmid22205548">{{cite journal |vauthors=Raber-Durlacher JE, Brennan MT, Verdonck-de Leeuw IM, Gibson RJ, Eilers JG, Waltimo T, Bots CP, Michelet M, Sollecito TP, Rouleau TS, Sewnaik A, Bensadoun RJ, Fliedner MC, Silverman S, Spijkervet FK |title=Swallowing dysfunction in cancer patients |journal=Support Care Cancer |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=433–43 |date=March 2012 |pmid=22205548 |pmc=3271214 |doi=10.1007/s00520-011-1342-2 |url=}}</ref> | ||
===HPV testing=== | ===HPV testing=== | ||
For cancers of the throat, biopsy samples are often tested to see if [[HPV]] infection is present. This information can help predict the probable course of the cancer | * For [[cancers]] of the [[throat]], [[biopsy]] samples are often tested to see if [[HPV]] infection is present. | ||
* This information can help predict the probable course of the [[cancer]]; for people whose [[cancers]] are linked to [[Human papillomavirus|HPV]], they tend to do better than those whose cancers are not. | |||
===Bone scan=== | ===Bone scan=== | ||
Bone scan may be done to check if there are rapidly dividing cells, such as cancer cells, in the bone. | * [[Bone scan]]<nowiki/>s may be done to check if there are rapidly dividing [[Cell (biology)|cells]], such as [[cancer]] [[Cells (biology)|cells]], in the [[bone]] (especially mandibular invasion).<ref name="pmid23599568">{{cite journal |vauthors=Arya S, Chaukar D, Pai P |title=Imaging in oral cancers |journal=Indian J Radiol Imaging |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=195–208 |date=July 2012 |pmid=23599568 |pmc=3624743 |doi=10.4103/0971-3026.107182 |url=}}</ref> | ||
===Dental Exam=== | ===Dental Exam=== | ||
If [[radiation]] is part of the treatment plan for oral cancer, a dental exam beforehand by a prosthodontist is usually recommended. | * If [[radiation]] is part of the treatment plan for oral cancer, a dental exam beforehand by a prosthodontist is usually recommended.<ref name="pmid21922994">{{cite journal |vauthors=MacCarthy D, Flint SR, Healy C, Stassen LF |title=Oral and neck examination for early detection of oral cancer--a practical guide |journal=J Ir Dent Assoc |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=195–9 |date= 2011 |pmid=21922994 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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[[Category:Otolaryngology]] | |||
[[Category:Gastroenterology]] | |||
[[Category:Surgery]] | |||
Latest revision as of 12:52, 11 April 2019
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Simrat Sarai, M.D. [2], Sargun Singh Walia M.B.B.S.[3]; Grammar Reviewer: Natalie Harpenau, B.S.[4]
Overview
Biopsy of the tumor tissue is diagnostic of oral cancer. Other diagnostic studies for oral cancer include endoscopy, indirect pharyngoscopy, laryngoscopy, exfoliative cytology, barium swallow, chest x-ray and bone scan.
Oral Cancer Other Diagnostic Studies
Biopsy
- Only a biopsy can give a definitive diagnosis of oral cancer.
- The types of biopsies typically used for diagnosing oral cancers are:[1][2]
- Incisional biopsy
- Fine needle aspiration (FNA)
- Sentinel lymph node biopsy
Endoscopy
- Endoscopy is used to examine areas inside the body for the diagnosis, staging and treatment of cancer. Endoscopy is used to:[3][4]
Indirect pharyngoscopy and laryngoscopy
- Indirect pharyngoscopy and laryngoscopy check for any signs of oral cancer and to examine the back of throat.
- People diagnosed with oral cancer are also at an increased risk for other head and neck cancers, so a doctor will also examine the nasopharynx.
Exfoliative cytology
- Exfoliative cytology may be used for diagnosis of oral cancer, but some cancers may be missed or may be confused with abnormal non-cancerous cells.[5][6]
Barium swallow
- A barium swallow test may show any irregularities in the larynx, pharynx, mouth and surrounding areas and can detect small, early oral tumors.[7]
HPV testing
- For cancers of the throat, biopsy samples are often tested to see if HPV infection is present.
- This information can help predict the probable course of the cancer; for people whose cancers are linked to HPV, they tend to do better than those whose cancers are not.
Bone scan
- Bone scans may be done to check if there are rapidly dividing cells, such as cancer cells, in the bone (especially mandibular invasion).[8]
Dental Exam
- If radiation is part of the treatment plan for oral cancer, a dental exam beforehand by a prosthodontist is usually recommended.[9]
References
- ↑ Calabrese L, Bruschini R, Ansarin M, Giugliano G, De Cicco C, Ionna F, Paganelli G, Maffini F, Werner JA, Soutar D (December 2006). "Role of sentinel lymph node biopsy in oral cancer". Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 26 (6): 345–9. PMC 2639993. PMID 17633153.
- ↑ Calabrese L, Bruschini R, Ansarin M, Giugliano G, De Cicco C, Ionna F, Paganelli G, Maffini F, Werner JA, Soutar D (December 2006). "Role of sentinel lymph node biopsy in oral cancer". Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 26 (6): 345–9. PMC 2639993. PMID 17633153.
- ↑ Thong PS, Olivo M, Chin WW, Bhuvaneswari R, Mancer K, Soo KC (November 2009). "Clinical application of fluorescence endoscopic imaging using hypericin for the diagnosis of human oral cavity lesions". Br. J. Cancer. 101 (9): 1580–4. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6605357. PMC 2778520. PMID 19809432.
- ↑ Muldoon TJ, Roblyer D, Williams MD, Stepanek VM, Richards-Kortum R, Gillenwater AM (March 2012). "Noninvasive imaging of oral neoplasia with a high-resolution fiber-optic microendoscope". Head Neck. 34 (3): 305–12. doi:10.1002/hed.21735. PMC 3078517. PMID 21413101.
- ↑ Bánóczy J (December 1976). "Exfoliative cytologic examinations in the early diagnosis of oral cancer". Int Dent J. 26 (4): 398–404. PMID 1068977.
- ↑ Pérez-Sayánsm M, Somoza-Martín JM, Barros-Angueira F, Reboiras-López MD, Gándara-Vila P, Gándara Rey JM, García-García A (April 2010). "Exfoliative cytology for diagnosing oral cancer". Biotech Histochem. 85 (3): 177–87. doi:10.3109/10520290903162730. PMID 20426699.
- ↑ Raber-Durlacher JE, Brennan MT, Verdonck-de Leeuw IM, Gibson RJ, Eilers JG, Waltimo T, Bots CP, Michelet M, Sollecito TP, Rouleau TS, Sewnaik A, Bensadoun RJ, Fliedner MC, Silverman S, Spijkervet FK (March 2012). "Swallowing dysfunction in cancer patients". Support Care Cancer. 20 (3): 433–43. doi:10.1007/s00520-011-1342-2. PMC 3271214. PMID 22205548.
- ↑ Arya S, Chaukar D, Pai P (July 2012). "Imaging in oral cancers". Indian J Radiol Imaging. 22 (3): 195–208. doi:10.4103/0971-3026.107182. PMC 3624743. PMID 23599568.
- ↑ MacCarthy D, Flint SR, Healy C, Stassen LF (2011). "Oral and neck examination for early detection of oral cancer--a practical guide". J Ir Dent Assoc. 57 (4): 195–9. PMID 21922994.