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{{Oral cancer}}
{{Oral cancer}}
 
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==Overview==
==Overview==
 
Common causes of oral cancers include [[premalignant]] lesions, [[tobacco]], [[alcohol]], [[human papillomavirus]], and [[hematopoietic]] [[stem cell]] transplantation. [[Tobacco]] use is the cause of 75% oral cancer cases . It causes an irritation of [[mucous membrane]] in the [[mouth]]. [[Human papillomavirus|HPV]] type 16 is the most common sub-type of [[Human papillomavirus|human papilloma virus]] associated with oral cancer.
==Causes==
==Causes==
[[Oral cancer]] most commonly involves the tissue of the [[lips]] or the [[tongue]]. It may also occur on the floor of the mouth, cheek lining, [[gums]] ([[gingiva]]), or roof of the mouth (palate).
Common causes of oral cancer include:
* Pre-[[malignant]] lesion<ref name="pmid4266835">{{cite journal |vauthors=Colvin RB, Pinn VW, Simpson BA, Dvorak HF |title=Cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity. IV. The "late reaction": sequel to Jones-Mote type hypersensitivity. Comparison with rabbit Arthus reaction. Effect of passive antibody on induction and expression of Jones-Mote hypersensitivity |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=110 |issue=5 |pages=1279–89 |year=1973 |pmid=4266835 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
** [[Benign]] and morphologically-altered [[Tissue (biology)|tissue]]
** Pre-malignant lesions are of various types:
*** [[Leukoplakia]] - benign white patches
*** [[Erythroplakia]] -  red patches
*** Erythroleukoplakia - mixed red and white patches 
*** [[lichen planus|Lichen planus]]
*** [[Oral]] sub-[[mucous]] [[fibrosis]] - very common in Indian sub-continents
*** [[actinic cheilitis]]  


Most oral cancers look very similar under the microscope and are called [[Squamous cell carcinoma|squamous cell carcinomas]]. These are [[malignant]] and tend to spread rapidly.
* [[Tobacco]]
** 75% cases of oral cancers occur due to [[tobacco]] use.
** Use of it causes irritation of the [[mucous membrane]] in the [[mouth]].
** Both [[smoking]] and [[chewing tobacco]] can lead to irritation of [[mucous membrane]] of the mouth.
** 60 types of [[carcinogens]] are known to be present in [[tobacco smoke]].  
** If any form of [[tobacco]] use is combined with heavy [[alcohol]] intake, the [[carcinogenic]] potential increases.


Smoking and other tobacco use are associated with 70 - 80% of [[oral cancer]] cases. Smoke and heat from cigarettes, cigars, and pipes irritate the mucous membranes of the mouth. Use of chewing tobacco or snuff causes irritation from direct contact with the mucous membranes. Heavy alcohol use is another activity associated with increased risk for [[oral cancer]].
* [[Alcohol]]<ref name="pmid29342885">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stornetta A, Guidolin V, Balbo S |title=Alcohol-Derived Acetaldehyde Exposure in the Oral Cavity |journal=Cancers (Basel) |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages= |year=2018 |pmid=29342885 |doi=10.3390/cancers10010020 |url=}}</ref>
** Heavy alcohol intake can lead to cancer of [[pharynx]] and [[larynx]].  
** [[Carcinogenic]] potential increases when combined with [[tobacco use]].  


Other factors that increase the risk of [[oral cancer]] include poor dental and oral hygiene and chronic irritation (such as from rough teeth, [[dentures]], or fillings). Some oral cancers begin as a white plaque ([[leukoplakia]]) or as a mouth ulcer. Recently, infection with [[HPV]] (human papilloma virus) has beeen shown to be a risk factor.
* [[Human papillomavirus|Human Papilloma Virus]]( [[Human papillomavirus|HPV]])
** [[HPV]] type 16 is the most common sub-type associated with oral cancer.
** Unprotected oral sexual behaviors with a patient suffering from [[HPV]] can transmit this [[virus]].<ref name="pmid28778951">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shah A, Malik A, Garg A, Mair M, Nair S, Chaturvedi P |title=Oral sex and human papilloma virus-related head and neck squamous cell cancer: a review of the literature |journal=Postgrad Med J |volume=93 |issue=1105 |pages=704–709 |year=2017 |pmid=28778951 |doi=10.1136/postgradmedj-2016-134603 |url=}}</ref> 
** It most commonly involves the [[tonsils]], which are at the base of the [[tongue]] and the [[oropharynx]].  


[[Oral cancer]] accounts for about 8% of all malignant growths. Men get [[oral cancer]] twice as often as women do, particularly men older than 40.
* [[Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation]]
** This causes an increased risk for [[squamous cell carcinoma]].


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Oral and maxillofacial surgery]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Mature chapter]]
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]

Latest revision as of 12:49, 11 April 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sargun Singh Walia M.B.B.S.[2], Simrat Sarai, M.D. [3]; Grammar Reviewer: Natalie Harpenau, B.S.[4]

Overview

Common causes of oral cancers include premalignant lesions, tobacco, alcohol, human papillomavirus, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Tobacco use is the cause of 75% oral cancer cases . It causes an irritation of mucous membrane in the mouth. HPV type 16 is the most common sub-type of human papilloma virus associated with oral cancer.

Causes

Common causes of oral cancer include:

References

  1. ↑ Colvin RB, Pinn VW, Simpson BA, Dvorak HF (1973). "Cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity. IV. The "late reaction": sequel to Jones-Mote type hypersensitivity. Comparison with rabbit Arthus reaction. Effect of passive antibody on induction and expression of Jones-Mote hypersensitivity". J. Immunol. 110 (5): 1279–89. PMID 4266835.
  2. ↑ Stornetta A, Guidolin V, Balbo S (2018). "Alcohol-Derived Acetaldehyde Exposure in the Oral Cavity". Cancers (Basel). 10 (1). doi:10.3390/cancers10010020. PMID 29342885.
  3. ↑ Shah A, Malik A, Garg A, Mair M, Nair S, Chaturvedi P (2017). "Oral sex and human papilloma virus-related head and neck squamous cell cancer: a review of the literature". Postgrad Med J. 93 (1105): 704–709. doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2016-134603. PMID 28778951.


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