Occupational lung disease causes

	Occupational lung disease Microchapters
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: ;Hadeel Maksoud M.D.[2]

Overview

Occupational lung disease may be caused by organic dust such as thermophilic and true fungi, and bacteria and animal proteins, or by inorganic dust such as, silicates, carbons and metals, or by agents other than organic or inorganic dusts such as, chemicals, gases, fumes, vapors and aerosols.

Causes

Life-threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
Life-threatening causes of occupational lung disease include asbestos and chemical gas inhalation such as chlorine gas.

Common Causes

Occupational lung disease may be caused by:

Silica ("silicosis")
Asbestos ("asbestosis")
Beryllium ("berylliosis")
Mica (principally K and Mg aluminum silicates)
Portland cement
Aluminum silicates (sericite, sillimanite, zeolite)
Aluminum
Hard metal dusts (cadmium, tungsten, titanium and cobalt)
Iron ("siderosis")
Coal dust ("coal worker's pneumoconiosis")
Graphite ("carbon pneumoconiosis")
Farmer's lung (Macropolyspora faeni)
Grain handler's lung (Thermactinomyces vulgaris)
Humidifier or air conditioner lung (T. sacchari)
Aspergillus
CuSO4 neutralized with hydrated lime (Bordeaux mixture; "vineyard sprayer's lung")
Bird fancier's disease

Less Common Causes

Less common causes of occupational lung disease include:

Vinyl chloride, polyvinyl chloride powder
Oxygen
Oxides of nitrogen
Sulfur dioxide
Chlorine gas
Methyl isocyanate
Oxides of zinc, copper, manganese, cadmium, iron, magnesium, nickel, brass, selenium, tin, and antimony
Diphenylmethane diisocyanate
Trimellitic anhydride toxicity
Hydrocarbons
Thermosetting resins (rubber tire workers)
Toluene diisocyanate (TDI - asthmatic reactions prominent)
Talc (hydrated Mg silicates; "talcosis")
Kaolin or "china clay" (hydrated aluminum silicate)
Popcorn worker's lung (butter flavoring)
Oxygen
Mercury
Oils
Fats
Pyrethrum (a natural insecticide)
Nepheline (hard rock containing mixed silicates)
Diatomaceous earth (Fuller's earth, aluminum silicate with Fe and Mg)
Tin ("stannosis")
Antimony
Hematite(mixed dusts of iron oxide, silica and silicates; "siderosilicosis")
Mixed dusts of silver and iron oxide ("argyrosiderosis")
CuSO4 neutralized with hydrated lime (Bordeaux mixture; "vineyard sprayer's lung")
Rare earths (cerium, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum)
Cryptostroma corticale
Aureobasidium pullulans
Penicillium species
Bacillus subtilis
B. cereus
Synthetic - fiber lung (Orlon, polyesters, nylon, acrylic)
Bakelite worker's lung pathways

Genetic Causes

Occupational lung disease may be triggered by a mutation in the following genes:
- MUC5B promoter polymorphism
  - Has been identified as causing progression in interstitial lung fibrosis
- HLA-DPB1*0201 polymorphisms
  - Associated with chronic berylliosis, whilst HLA-DPB1*0401 gene is protective
  - Single nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter region of TNF-α, the no.308 guanine to adenine transition, has been associated with beryllium sensitization transition to clinial disease
- NAT2 acetylation
  - Associated with bladder cancer with exposure to benzine dyes
- HLA class II genes such as HLA-DQB1*0503
  - Associated with toluene diisocyanate-induced occupational asthma
- Polymorphisms in exons 3 of Tyr113His (C113T) and 4 His139Arg (G139A) of the mEH gene
  - Associated with organic dust-induced chronic airways disease where the activity of microsomal epoxide hydrolase slows down

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning	Chemical sources: •Synthetic - fiber lung (Orlon, polyesters, nylon, acrylic) •Bakelite worker's lung pathways •Vinyl chloride, polyvinyl chloride powder Gases: •Oxygen •Oxides of nitrogen •Sulfur dioxide •Chlorine gas •Methyl isocyanate Fumes: •Oxides of zinc, copper, manganese, cadmium, iron, magnesium, nickel, brass, selenium, tin, and antimony •Diphenylmethane diisocyanate •Trimellitic anhydride toxicity Vapors: •Hydrocarbons •Thermosetting resins (rubber tire workers) •Toluene diisocyanate (TDI - asthmatic reactions prominent) •Oxygen •Mercury Aerosols: •Oils •Fats •Pyrethrum (a natural insecticide)
Dental	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	No underlying causes
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	No underlying causes
Environmental	•Farmer's lung (Macropolyspora faeni) •Grain handler's lung (Thermactinomyces vulgaris) •Humidifier or air conditioner lung (T. sacchari) • Aspergillus •Cryptostroma corticale •Aureobasidium pullulans •Penicillium species •Bacillus subtilis •B. cereus •Bird fancier's disease •Nepheline (hard rock containing mixed silicates) •Diatomaceous earth (Fuller's earth, aluminum silicate with Fe and Mg)
Gastroenterologic	No underlying causes
Genetic	No underlying causes
Hematologic	No underlying causes
Iatrogenic	No underlying causes
Infectious Disease	No underlying causes
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	No underlying causes
Neurologic	No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic	No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte	No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	No underlying causes
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	•Coal dust ("coal worker's pneumoconiosis") •Graphite ("carbon pneumoconiosis") •Tin ("stannosis") •Aluminum •Hard metal dusts (cadmium, tungsten, titanium and cobalt) •Iron ("siderosis") •Antimony •Hematite(mixed dusts of iron oxide, silica and silicates; "siderosilicosis") •Mixed dusts of silver and iron oxide ("argyrosiderosis") •CuSO4 neutralized with hydrated lime (Bordeaux mixture; "vineyard sprayer's lung") •Rare earths (cerium, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum)

Causes in Alphabetical Order

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References