Narcolepsy historical perspective: Difference between revisions

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*The earliest account of narcolepsy was described by Thomas Willis (1621-1675) in [[patients]], "with a sleepy [[Dispositional Affect|disposition]] who suddenly [[falls]] fast asleep."
*The earliest account of narcolepsy was described by Thomas Willis (1621-1675) in [[patients]], "with a sleepy [[Dispositional Affect|disposition]] who suddenly [[falls]] fast asleep."
*The term narcolepsy is derived by combining the ''Greek'' '''narke''' [[numbness]], [[stupor]] and '''lepsis''' attack, to seize.
*The term narcolepsy is derived by combining the ''Greek'' '''narke''' [[numbness]], [[stupor]] and '''lepsis''' attack, to seize.
*The first-ever convincing descriptions of narcolepsy and [[cataplexy]] were reported by Westphal (1877) and Fisher (1878) in Germany. Both descriptions observed a [[hereditary]] factor in narcolepsy; the mother of Westphal's [[patient]] and a sister of Fisher's [[patient]] had similar [[clinical]] features. They also reported the unique [[Association (statistics)|association]] of excitement and [[sleepiness]] triggering episodes of [[muscle weakness]].
*The first-ever convincing descriptions of narcolepsy and [[cataplexy]] were reported by Westphal (1877) and Fisher (1878) in Germany.<ref name="Fischer1878">{{cite journal|last1=Fischer|first1=Franz|title=Epileptoide Schlafzustände|journal=Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten|volume=8|issue=1|year=1878|pages=200–203|issn=0003-9373|doi=10.1007/BF01791317}}</ref><ref>Westphal C. Eigenthümliche mit Einschläfen verbundene Anfälle. Arch. Psychiat., 7: 631-635 1877.</ref> Both descriptions observed a [[hereditary]] factor in narcolepsy; the mother of Westphal's [[patient]] and a sister of Fisher's [[patient]] had similar [[clinical]] features. They also reported the unique [[Association (statistics)|association]] of excitement and [[sleepiness]] triggering episodes of [[muscle weakness]].
*French [[physician]] [[Jean-Baptiste-Édouard Gélineau]] (1880) described this [[condition]] in a wine merchant as [[neurosis]] or a functional [[condition]]. Gélineau gave narcolepsy its name, which is the English form of the French word '''narcolepsie''', and recognized narcolepsy as a specific [[clinical]] entity. Although Gélineau named this [[Distinctive feature|distinct]] [[clinical]] entity he did not [[differentiate]] episodes of [[muscle weakness]] and [[sleep]] attacks triggered by [[emotions]] as he proposed common [[physiology]] for these two [[Distinctive feature|distinct]] [[symptoms]] of narcolepsy.
*French [[physician]] [[Jean-Baptiste-Édouard Gélineau]] (1880) described this [[condition]] in a wine merchant as [[neurosis]] or a functional [[condition]].<ref name="pmid17561602">{{cite journal| author=Schenck CH, Bassetti CL, Arnulf I, Mignot E| title=English translations of the first clinical reports on narcolepsy and cataplexy by Westphal and Gélineau in the late 19th century, with commentary. | journal=J Clin Sleep Med | year= 2007 | volume= 3 | issue= 3 | pages= 301-11 | pmid=17561602 | doi= | pmc=2564780 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17561602  }} </ref> Gélineau gave narcolepsy its name, which is the English form of the French word '''narcolepsie''', and recognized narcolepsy as a specific [[clinical]] entity.<ref name="pmid9132972">{{cite journal| author=Janković S, Susić V, Sokić D, Lević Z| title=[Dr. John Baptiste Edouard Gélineau]. | journal=Srp Arh Celok Lek | year= 1996 | volume= 124 | issue= 11-12 | pages= 331-5 | pmid=9132972 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9132972  }} </ref><ref>Gélineau J. De la narcolepsie. Gazette des hôpitaux,. 53: 626-628, 1880.</ref><ref>Gélineau JBE. De la narcolepsie. Surgères, Charente-Inférieure: Imprimerie de Surgères, 64, 1881.</ref> Although Gélineau named this [[Distinctive feature|distinct]] [[clinical]] entity he did not [[differentiate]] episodes of [[muscle weakness]] and [[sleep]] attacks triggered by [[emotions]] as he proposed common [[physiology]] for these two [[Distinctive feature|distinct]] [[symptoms]] of narcolepsy.


*[[Cataplexy]] from the ''Greek'' '''kataplexis''' ([[Fixation (visual)|fixation]] of the [[eyes]]), was first named by Loëwenfeld (1902) as he was the first to name brief episodes of [[muscle weakness]] triggered by [[emotions]].
*[[Cataplexy]] from the ''Greek'' '''kataplexis''' ([[Fixation (visual)|fixation]] of the [[eyes]]), was first named by Loëwenfeld (1902) as he was the first to name brief episodes of [[muscle weakness]] triggered by [[emotions]].<ref>Löwenfeld L. Uber Narkolepsie. Munch. Med. Wochenschr., 49: 1041-1045, 1902.</ref>
*Kinnier Wilson (1928) first coined the term, "[[Sleep paralysis|sleep paralysis.]]"
*Kinnier Wilson (1928) first coined the term, "[[Sleep paralysis|sleep paralysis.]]"
*Large [[case series]] of narcolepsy with [[cataplexy]] was published by Addie (1926), Wilson (1927), and Daniels (1934). Review of narcolepsy-[[cataplexy]] by Daniels is considered by many as one of the most insightful [[clinical]] [[Review|reviews]] published.
*Large [[case series]] of narcolepsy with [[cataplexy]] was published by Addie (1926), Wilson (1927), and Daniels (1934).<ref>Addie W. IdIopathic narcolepsy: a disease sui generis; with remarks on the mechanism of sleep. Brain, 49: 257-306, 1926.</ref><ref>Wilson SAK. The narcolepsies. Annual Congress Assoc. Phys., June 3: 63-109, 1927.</ref><ref>Daniels LE. Narcolepsy. Medicine, 13(1): 1-122, 1934.</ref> Review of narcolepsy-[[cataplexy]] by Daniels is considered by many as one of the most insightful [[clinical]] [[Review|reviews]] published.
*Various [[causes]] or [[lesions]] were proposed for narcolepsy. [[Tumors]] situated in relation to the [[third ventricle]] were suggested as a possible [[Causes|cause]] of narcolepsy by Wilson. The [[Association (statistics)|association]] of [[occulomotor|oculomotor]] [[paralysis]] and [[somnolence]] led to the pioneering work of Von Economo (1930) who first recognized the [[posterior]] [[hypothalamus]] as a [[critical region]] for the promotion of [[wakefulness]] and correctly proposed that a region in the [[posterior]] [[hypothalamus]] was lesioned in [[human]] narcolepsy.  He specifically wrote: “''it is very probable, though not proved, that the narcolepsy of Redlich, Westphal, and Gélineau has its primary [[Causes|cause]] in a yet unknown [[disease]] of that region''”.
*Various [[causes]] or [[lesions]] were proposed for narcolepsy. [[Tumors]] situated in relation to the [[third ventricle]] were suggested as a possible [[Causes|cause]] of narcolepsy by Wilson. The [[Association (statistics)|association]] of [[occulomotor|oculomotor]] [[paralysis]] and [[somnolence]] led to the pioneering work of Von Economo (1930) who first recognized the [[posterior]] [[hypothalamus]] as a [[critical region]] for the promotion of [[wakefulness]] and correctly proposed that a region in the [[posterior]] [[hypothalamus]] was lesioned in [[human]] narcolepsy.<ref>Van Economo C. Sleep as a problem of localization. J. Nerv. Ment. Disease, 71(3): 249-259, 1930.</ref> He specifically wrote: “''it is very probable, though not proved, that the narcolepsy of Redlich, Westphal, and Gélineau has its primary [[Causes|cause]] in a yet unknown [[disease]] of that region''”.
*The classic description of narcolepsy [[tetrad]] was possible due to further work by Yoss and Daly at the Mayo [[clinic]] in 1957 and Bedrich Roth in Prague.
*The classic description of narcolepsy [[tetrad]] was possible due to further work by Yoss and Daly at the Mayo [[clinic]] in 1957 and Bedrich Roth in Prague.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1159/isbn.978-3-318-05312-8}}</ref><ref name="pmid13441766">{{cite journal| author=YOSS RE, DALY DD| title=Criteria for the diagnosis of the narcoleptic syndrome. | journal=Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin | year= 1957 | volume= 32 | issue= 12 | pages= 320-8 | pmid=13441766 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=13441766  }} </ref>
*[[REM sleep]] at the onset of [[sleep]] attack in narcoleptic [[patients]] was first ever recorded and reported by Vogel (1960), an [[observation]] extended by Rechschaffen and Dement in 1967. Hishikawa (1968) studied the [[EEG]] of narcoleptic [[patients]]. These authors together first articulated the now classical [[hypothesis]] of dissociated [[REM sleep]] and explained some [[symptoms]] of narcolepsy. Their discovery established a multiple [[sleep latency]] [[test]] as a [[standard]] [[diagnostic test]] for narcolepsy in 1970.
*[[REM sleep]] at the onset of [[sleep]] attack in narcoleptic [[patients]] was first ever recorded and reported by Vogel (1960), an [[observation]] extended by Rechschaffen and Dement in 1967.<ref name="Vogel1960">{{cite journal|last1=Vogel|first1=Gerald|title=Studies in Psychophysiology of Dreams|journal=Archives of General Psychiatry|volume=3|issue=4|year=1960|pages=421|issn=0003-990X|doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1960.01710040091011}}</ref><ref name="pmid6083200">{{cite journal| author=Rechtschaffen A, Dement W| title=Studies on the relation of narcolepsy, cataplexy, and sleep with low voltage random EEG activity. | journal=Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis | year= 1967 | volume= 45 | issue=  | pages= 488-505 | pmid=6083200 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6083200  }} </ref> Hishikawa (1968) studied the [[EEG]] of narcoleptic [[patients]].<ref name="pmid4169745">{{cite journal| author=Hishikawa Y, Nan'no H, Tachibana M, Furuya E, Koida H, Kaneko Z| title=The nature of sleep attack and other symptoms of narcolepsy. | journal=Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol | year= 1968 | volume= 24 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-10 | pmid=4169745 | doi=10.1016/0013-4694(68)90060-6 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4169745  }} </ref> These authors together first articulated the now classical [[hypothesis]] of dissociated [[REM sleep]] and explained some [[symptoms]] of narcolepsy. Their discovery established a multiple [[sleep latency]] [[test]] as a [[standard]] [[diagnostic test]] for narcolepsy in 1970.<ref name="pmid81764">{{cite journal| author=Richardson GS, Carskadon MA, Flagg W, Van den Hoed J, Dement WC, Mitler MM| title=Excessive daytime sleepiness in man: multiple sleep latency measurement in narcoleptic and control subjects. | journal=Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol | year= 1978 | volume= 45 | issue= 5 | pages= 621-7 | pmid=81764 | doi=10.1016/0013-4694(78)90162-1 | pmc=2391074 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=81764  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3809866">{{cite journal| author=Carskadon MA, Dement WC, Mitler MM, Roth T, Westbrook PR, Keenan S| title=Guidelines for the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT): a standard measure of sleepiness. | journal=Sleep | year= 1986 | volume= 9 | issue= 4 | pages= 519-24 | pmid=3809866 | doi=10.1093/sleep/9.4.519 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3809866  }} </ref>
*The first [[Epidemiological study|epidemiological studies]] of narcolepsy were performed by Roth (1980) and Dement (1972-73), revealing a [[prevalence]] of 0.02-0.05% for narcolepsy with [[cataplexy]].  
*The first [[Epidemiological study|epidemiological studies]] of narcolepsy were performed by Roth (1980) and Dement (1972-73), revealing a [[prevalence]] of 0.02-0.05% for narcolepsy with [[cataplexy]]. <ref>Roth, Bedrich, and Roger J. Broughton. Narcolepsy and hypersomnia. Basel New York: Karger, 1980. Print.</ref><ref>Dement WC, Zarcone V, Varner V. The prevalence of narcolepsy. Sleep Res., 1: 148-149 1972.</ref><ref>Dement WC, Carskadon M, Ley R. The prevalence of narcolepsy II. Sleep Res., 2: 147, 1973.</ref>
*[[Canine]] narcolepsy in various breeds of dogs was identified and described in 1973, by Knecht and Mitler.
*[[Canine]] narcolepsy in various breeds of dogs was identified and described in 1973, by Knecht and Mitler.<ref name="pmid4736237">{{cite journal| author=Knecht CD, Oliver JE, Redding R, Selcer R, Johnson G| title=Narcolepsy in a dog and a cat. | journal=J Am Vet Med Assoc | year= 1973 | volume= 162 | issue= 12 | pages= 1052-3 | pmid=4736237 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4736237  }} </ref><ref name="pmid4472992">{{cite journal| author=Mitler MM, Boysen BG, Campbell L, Dement WC| title=Narcolepsy-cataplexy in a female dog. | journal=Exp Neurol | year= 1974 | volume= 45 | issue= 2 | pages= 332-40 | pmid=4472992 | doi=10.1016/0014-4886(74)90122-8 | pmc=2391078 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4472992  }} </ref>
*Dr. Honda (1981), together with Drs. Asaka and Juji, initiated a [[research]] study on narcolepsy and observed a significant increase in the [[frequency]] of [[HLA-B35]] in [[patients]] with narcolepsy, which lead to [[Discovery system|discovery]] in 1983 that all [[patients]] with narcolepsy were [[HLA-DR2]] positive, while only 30% [[healthy]] [[Control group|controls]] had similar [[HLA-DR2]]. This discovery was subsequently confirmed in [[research]] studies conducted by Langdon N (1984), Billiard M (1985), Mueller-Eckhardt G (1986), and Poirier G (1986).
*Dr. Honda (1981), together with Drs. Asaka and Juji, initiated a [[research]] study on narcolepsy and observed a significant increase in the [[frequency]] of [[HLA-B35]] in [[patients]] with narcolepsy, which lead to [[Discovery system|discovery]] in 1983 that all [[patients]] with narcolepsy were [[HLA-DR2]] positive, while only 30% [[healthy]] [[Control group|controls]] had similar [[HLA-DR2]].<ref>Honda Y, Asake A, Tanaka Y, Juji T. Discrimination of narcolepsy by using genetic markers and HLA. Sleep Res.,1 2: 254, 1983.</ref><ref>Honda Y. Introduction to " HLA in Narcolepsy". 1-10. In: Honda Y, Juji T (Eds.). HLA in Narcolepsy. 1988.</ref><ref name="pmid6597978">{{cite journal| author=Juji T, Satake M, Honda Y, Doi Y| title=HLA antigens in Japanese patients with narcolepsy. All the patients were DR2 positive. | journal=Tissue Antigens | year= 1984 | volume= 24 | issue= 5 | pages= 316-9 | pmid=6597978 | doi=10.1111/j.1399-0039.1984.tb02144.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6597978  }} </ref><ref name="MatsukiHonda1988">{{cite journal|last1=Matsuki|first1=K.|last2=Honda|first2=Y.|last3=Satake|first3=M.|last4=Juji|first4=T.|title=HLA in Narcolepsy in Japan|year=1988|pages=58–75|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-83387-8_4}}</ref> This discovery was subsequently confirmed in [[research]] studies conducted by Langdon N (1984), Billiard M (1985), Mueller-Eckhardt G (1986), and Poirier G (1986).<ref name="Mueller-EckhardtMeier-Ewert2008">{{cite journal|last1=Mueller-Eckhardt|first1=Gertrud|last2=Meier-Ewert|first2=K.|last3=Schendel|first3=Dolores J.|last4=Reinecker|first4=F. B.|last5=Multhoff|first5=Gabriele|last6=Mueller-Eckhardt|first6=C.|title=HLA and narcolepsy in a German population|journal=Tissue Antigens|volume=28|issue=3|year=2008|pages=163–169|issn=00012815|doi=10.1111/j.1399-0039.1986.tb00476.x}}</ref><ref name="LangdonDam1984">{{cite journal|last1=Langdon|first1=Nicola|last2=Dam|first2=MiekeVan|last3=Welsh|first3=KenI.|last4=Vaughan|first4=RobertW.|last5=Parkes|first5=David|title=GENETIC MARKERS IN NARCOLEPSY|journal=The Lancet|volume=324|issue=8413|year=1984|pages=1178–1180|issn=01406736|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(84)92742-9}}</ref><ref name="pmid2857308">{{cite journal| author=| title=Extraordinary association between HLA-DR2 and narcolepsy. | journal=Lancet | year= 1985 | volume= 1 | issue= 8422 | pages= 226-7 | pmid=2857308 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2857308  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3486443">{{cite journal| author=Poirier G, Montplaisir J, Décary F, Momège D, Lebrun A| title=HLA antigens in narcolepsy and idiopathic central nervous system hypersomnolence. | journal=Sleep | year= 1986 | volume= 9 | issue= 1 Pt 2 | pages= 153-8 | pmid=3486443 | doi=10.1093/sleep/9.1.153 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3486443  }} </ref>
*Link with the [[HLA-DQB1]]*0602 [[gene]] on [[chromosome]] 6 was established in 1980s. As many [[HLA]] associated [[disorders]] are also [[autoimmune]] in nature, it raised the possibility that narcolepsy may be an [[Autoimmune disease|autoimmune disorder]].
*Link with the [[HLA-DQB1]]*0602 [[gene]] on [[chromosome]] 6 was established in 1980s.<ref name="MatsukiGrumet1992">{{cite journal|last1=Matsuki|first1=Kazumasa|last2=Grumet|first2=F.Carl|last3=Lin|first3=Xiaoyan|last4=Gelb|first4=Michael|last5=Guilleminault|first5=Christian|last6=Dement|first6=WilliamC.|last7=Mignot|first7=Emmanuel|title=DQ (rather than DR) gene marks susceptibility to narcolepsy|journal=The Lancet|volume=339|issue=8800|year=1992|pages=1052|issn=01406736|doi=10.1016/0140-6736(92)90571-J}}</ref><ref name="MignotKimura1997">{{cite journal|last1=Mignot|first1=E.|last2=Kimura|first2=A.|last3=Lattermann|first3=A.|last4=Lin|first4=X.|last5=Yasunaga|first5=S.|last6=Mueller-Eckhardt|first6=G.|last7=Rattazzi|first7=C.|last8=Lin|first8=L.|last9=Guilleminault|first9=C.|last10=Grumet|first10=F. C.|last11=Mayer|first11=G.|last12=Dement|first12=W. C.|last13=Underhill|first13=P.|title=Extensive HLA class II studies in 58 non-DRB1*15 (DR2) narcoleptic patients with cataplexy|journal=Tissue Antigens|volume=49|issue=4|year=1997|pages=329–341|issn=00012815|doi=10.1111/j.1399-0039.1997.tb02761.x}}</ref><ref name="MignotLin1994">{{cite journal|last1=Mignot|first1=E.|last2=Lin|first2=X.|last3=Arrigoni|first3=J.|last4=Macaubas|first4=C.|last5=Olive|first5=F.|last6=Hallmayer|first6=J.|last7=Underhill|first7=P.|last8=Guilleminault|first8=C.|last9=Dement|first9=W. C.|last10=Grumet|first10=F. C.|title=DQB1*0602 and DQA1*0102 (DQ1) Are Better Markers Than DR2 for Narcolepsy in Caucasian and Black Americans|journal=Sleep|volume=17|issue=suppl_8|year=1994|pages=S60–S67|issn=1550-9109|doi=10.1093/sleep/17.suppl_8.S60}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Mignot E, Hayduk R, Black J, Grumet FC, Guilleminault C |title=HLA DQB1*0602 is associated with cataplexy in 509 narcoleptic patients |journal=Sleep |volume=20 |issue=11 |pages=1012–20 |date=November 1997 |pmid=9456467 |doi= |url=}}</ref> As many [[HLA]] associated [[disorders]] are also [[autoimmune]] in nature, it raised the possibility that narcolepsy may be an [[Autoimmune disease|autoimmune disorder]].<ref name="CarlanderEliaou1993">{{cite journal|last1=Carlander|first1=B|last2=Eliaou|first2=JF|last3=Billiard|first3=M|title=Autoimmune hypothesis in narcolepsy|journal=Neurophysiologie Clinique/Clinical Neurophysiology|volume=23|issue=1|year=1993|pages=15–22|issn=09877053|doi=10.1016/S0987-7053(05)80279-5}}</ref><ref name="MignotTafti1995">{{cite journal|last1=Mignot|first1=Emmanuel|last2=Tafti|first2=Mehdi|last3=Dement|first3=William C.|last4=Grumet|first4=F.Carl|title=Narcolepsy and immunity|journal=Advances in Neuroimmunology|volume=5|issue=1|year=1995|pages=23–37|issn=09605428|doi=10.1016/0960-5428(94)00043-N}}</ref><ref name="pmid3080168">{{cite journal| author=Parkes JD, Langdon N, Lock C| title=Narcolepsy and immunity. | journal=Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) | year= 1986 | volume= 292 | issue= 6517 | pages= 359-60 | pmid=3080168 | doi=10.1136/bmj.292.6517.359 | pmc=1339341 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3080168  }} </ref>
*[[Hypocretin]]<nowiki/>s ([[orexins]]) were identified in 1990s. In 1998, DeLecea and Sakurai identified [[hypocretin]]<nowiki/>s/[[orexins]] almost simultaneously with a difference of a few weeks.  Sakurai (1998) also identified and mapped two [[receptors]] for these [[peptides]], including [[Hypocretin (orexin) receptor 1]] (HCRT1) and [[Hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2]] (HCRT2).
*[[Hypocretin]]<nowiki/>s ([[orexins]]) were identified in 1990s. In 1998, DeLecea and Sakurai identified [[hypocretin]]<nowiki/>s/[[orexins]] almost simultaneously with a difference of a few weeks.<ref name="pmid9419374">{{cite journal| author=de Lecea L, Kilduff TS, Peyron C, Gao X, Foye PE, Danielson PE | display-authors=etal| title=The hypocretins: hypothalamus-specific peptides with neuroexcitatory activity. | journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | year= 1998 | volume= 95 | issue= 1 | pages= 322-7 | pmid=9419374 | doi=10.1073/pnas.95.1.322 | pmc=18213 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9419374 }} </ref><ref name="pmid9491897">{{cite journal| author=Sakurai T, Amemiya A, Ishii M, Matsuzaki I, Chemelli RM, Tanaka H | display-authors=etal| title=Orexins and orexin receptors: a family of hypothalamic neuropeptides and G protein-coupled receptors that regulate feeding behavior. | journal=Cell | year= 1998 | volume= 92 | issue= 4 | pages= 573-85 | pmid=9491897 | doi=10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80949-6 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9491897  }} </ref>
*[[Hypocretin]] [[deficiency]] was associated with [[human]] narcolepsy by Nishino and Ripley in 2000.
*[[Hypocretin]] [[deficiency]] was associated with [[human]] narcolepsy by Nishino and Ripley in 2000.


===Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies===
===Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies===


* Various methods were initially proposed in the [[treatment]] of narcolepsy until Prinzmetal and Bloomberg introduced [[amphetamines]] in 1935.
* Various methods were initially proposed in the [[treatment]] of narcolepsy until Prinzmetal and Bloomberg introduced [[amphetamines]] in 1935.<ref name="Prinzmetal1935">{{cite journal|last1=Prinzmetal|first1=Myron|title=THE USE OF BENZEDRINE FOR THE TREATMENT OF NARCOLEPSY|journal=Journal of the American Medical Association|volume=105|issue=25|year=1935|pages=2051|issn=0002-9955|doi=10.1001/jama.1935.02760510023006}}</ref>
* After the discovery of [[tricyclic antidepressants]] in 1957, Akimoto, Honda, and Takahashi used [[imipramine]] in the [[treatment]] of [[cataplexy]] in [[humans]].
* After the discovery of [[tricyclic antidepressants]] in 1957, Akimoto, Honda, and Takahashi used [[imipramine]] in the [[treatment]] of [[cataplexy]] in [[humans]].<ref name="pmid13681922">{{cite journal| author=AKIMOTO H, HONDA Y, TAKAHASHI Y| title=Pharmacotherapy in narcolepsy. | journal=Dis Nerv Syst | year= 1960 | volume= 21 | issue=  | pages= 704-6 | pmid=13681922 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=13681922  }} </ref>
* [[Methylphenidate]] was introduced by Yoss and Daly in the 1960s.
* [[Methylphenidate]] was introduced by Yoss and Daly in the 1960s.<ref name="YossDaly1959">{{cite journal|last1=Yoss|first1=R. E.|last2=Daly|first2=D.|title=Treatment of narcolepsy with Ritalin|journal=Neurology|volume=9|issue=3|year=1959|pages=171–171|issn=0028-3878|doi=10.1212/WNL.9.3.171}}</ref>


===Impact on Cultural History===
===Impact on Cultural History===
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[[Category:Up-To-Date]]​
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]​
[[Category:Neurology]]
[[Category:Neurology]]
<references />

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Muhammad Waleed Haider, M.D.[2]

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The following are a few famous cases of [disease name]:

References

  1. ↑ Fischer, Franz (1878). "Epileptoide Schlafzustände". Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten. 8 (1): 200–203. doi:10.1007/BF01791317. ISSN 0003-9373.
  2. ↑ Westphal C. Eigenthümliche mit Einschläfen verbundene Anfälle. Arch. Psychiat., 7: 631-635 1877.
  3. ↑ Schenck CH, Bassetti CL, Arnulf I, Mignot E (2007). "English translations of the first clinical reports on narcolepsy and cataplexy by Westphal and Gélineau in the late 19th century, with commentary". J Clin Sleep Med. 3 (3): 301–11. PMC 2564780. PMID 17561602.
  4. ↑ Janković S, Susić V, Sokić D, Lević Z (1996). "[Dr. John Baptiste Edouard Gélineau]". Srp Arh Celok Lek. 124 (11–12): 331–5. PMID 9132972.
  5. ↑ Gélineau J. De la narcolepsie. Gazette des hôpitaux,. 53: 626-628, 1880.
  6. ↑ Gélineau JBE. De la narcolepsie. Surgères, Charente-Inférieure: Imprimerie de Surgères, 64, 1881.
  7. ↑ Löwenfeld L. Uber Narkolepsie. Munch. Med. Wochenschr., 49: 1041-1045, 1902.
  8. ↑ Addie W. IdIopathic narcolepsy: a disease sui generis; with remarks on the mechanism of sleep. Brain, 49: 257-306, 1926.
  9. ↑ Wilson SAK. The narcolepsies. Annual Congress Assoc. Phys., June 3: 63-109, 1927.
  10. ↑ Daniels LE. Narcolepsy. Medicine, 13(1): 1-122, 1934.
  11. ↑ Van Economo C. Sleep as a problem of localization. J. Nerv. Ment. Disease, 71(3): 249-259, 1930.
  12. ↑ . doi:10.1159/isbn.978-3-318-05312-8. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  13. ↑ YOSS RE, DALY DD (1957). "Criteria for the diagnosis of the narcoleptic syndrome". Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin. 32 (12): 320–8. PMID 13441766.
  14. ↑ Vogel, Gerald (1960). "Studies in Psychophysiology of Dreams". Archives of General Psychiatry. 3 (4): 421. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1960.01710040091011. ISSN 0003-990X.
  15. ↑ Rechtschaffen A, Dement W (1967). "Studies on the relation of narcolepsy, cataplexy, and sleep with low voltage random EEG activity". Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis. 45: 488–505. PMID 6083200.
  16. ↑ Hishikawa Y, Nan'no H, Tachibana M, Furuya E, Koida H, Kaneko Z (1968). "The nature of sleep attack and other symptoms of narcolepsy". Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 24 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1016/0013-4694(68)90060-6. PMID 4169745.
  17. ↑ Richardson GS, Carskadon MA, Flagg W, Van den Hoed J, Dement WC, Mitler MM (1978). "Excessive daytime sleepiness in man: multiple sleep latency measurement in narcoleptic and control subjects". Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 45 (5): 621–7. doi:10.1016/0013-4694(78)90162-1. PMC 2391074. PMID 81764.
  18. ↑ Carskadon MA, Dement WC, Mitler MM, Roth T, Westbrook PR, Keenan S (1986). "Guidelines for the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT): a standard measure of sleepiness". Sleep. 9 (4): 519–24. doi:10.1093/sleep/9.4.519. PMID 3809866.
  19. ↑ Roth, Bedrich, and Roger J. Broughton. Narcolepsy and hypersomnia. Basel New York: Karger, 1980. Print.
  20. ↑ Dement WC, Zarcone V, Varner V. The prevalence of narcolepsy. Sleep Res., 1: 148-149 1972.
  21. ↑ Dement WC, Carskadon M, Ley R. The prevalence of narcolepsy II. Sleep Res., 2: 147, 1973.
  22. ↑ Knecht CD, Oliver JE, Redding R, Selcer R, Johnson G (1973). "Narcolepsy in a dog and a cat". J Am Vet Med Assoc. 162 (12): 1052–3. PMID 4736237.
  23. ↑ Mitler MM, Boysen BG, Campbell L, Dement WC (1974). "Narcolepsy-cataplexy in a female dog". Exp Neurol. 45 (2): 332–40. doi:10.1016/0014-4886(74)90122-8. PMC 2391078. PMID 4472992.
  24. ↑ Honda Y, Asake A, Tanaka Y, Juji T. Discrimination of narcolepsy by using genetic markers and HLA. Sleep Res.,1 2: 254, 1983.
  25. ↑ Honda Y. Introduction to " HLA in Narcolepsy". 1-10. In: Honda Y, Juji T (Eds.). HLA in Narcolepsy. 1988.
  26. ↑ Juji T, Satake M, Honda Y, Doi Y (1984). "HLA antigens in Japanese patients with narcolepsy. All the patients were DR2 positive". Tissue Antigens. 24 (5): 316–9. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0039.1984.tb02144.x. PMID 6597978.
  27. ↑ Matsuki, K.; Honda, Y.; Satake, M.; Juji, T. (1988). "HLA in Narcolepsy in Japan": 58–75. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-83387-8_4.
  28. ↑ Mueller-Eckhardt, Gertrud; Meier-Ewert, K.; Schendel, Dolores J.; Reinecker, F. B.; Multhoff, Gabriele; Mueller-Eckhardt, C. (2008). "HLA and narcolepsy in a German population". Tissue Antigens. 28 (3): 163–169. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0039.1986.tb00476.x. ISSN 0001-2815.
  29. ↑ Langdon, Nicola; Dam, MiekeVan; Welsh, KenI.; Vaughan, RobertW.; Parkes, David (1984). "GENETIC MARKERS IN NARCOLEPSY". The Lancet. 324 (8413): 1178–1180. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(84)92742-9. ISSN 0140-6736.
  30. ↑ "Extraordinary association between HLA-DR2 and narcolepsy". Lancet. 1 (8422): 226–7. 1985. PMID 2857308.
  31. ↑ Poirier G, Montplaisir J, Décary F, Momège D, Lebrun A (1986). "HLA antigens in narcolepsy and idiopathic central nervous system hypersomnolence". Sleep. 9 (1 Pt 2): 153–8. doi:10.1093/sleep/9.1.153. PMID 3486443.
  32. ↑ Matsuki, Kazumasa; Grumet, F.Carl; Lin, Xiaoyan; Gelb, Michael; Guilleminault, Christian; Dement, WilliamC.; Mignot, Emmanuel (1992). "DQ (rather than DR) gene marks susceptibility to narcolepsy". The Lancet. 339 (8800): 1052. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)90571-J. ISSN 0140-6736.
  33. ↑ Mignot, E.; Kimura, A.; Lattermann, A.; Lin, X.; Yasunaga, S.; Mueller-Eckhardt, G.; Rattazzi, C.; Lin, L.; Guilleminault, C.; Grumet, F. C.; Mayer, G.; Dement, W. C.; Underhill, P. (1997). "Extensive HLA class II studies in 58 non-DRB1*15 (DR2) narcoleptic patients with cataplexy". Tissue Antigens. 49 (4): 329–341. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0039.1997.tb02761.x. ISSN 0001-2815.
  34. ↑ Mignot, E.; Lin, X.; Arrigoni, J.; Macaubas, C.; Olive, F.; Hallmayer, J.; Underhill, P.; Guilleminault, C.; Dement, W. C.; Grumet, F. C. (1994). "DQB1*0602 and DQA1*0102 (DQ1) Are Better Markers Than DR2 for Narcolepsy in Caucasian and Black Americans". Sleep. 17 (suppl_8): S60–S67. doi:10.1093/sleep/17.suppl_8.S60. ISSN 1550-9109.
  35. ↑ Mignot E, Hayduk R, Black J, Grumet FC, Guilleminault C (November 1997). "HLA DQB1*0602 is associated with cataplexy in 509 narcoleptic patients". Sleep. 20 (11): 1012–20. PMID 9456467.
  36. ↑ Carlander, B; Eliaou, JF; Billiard, M (1993). "Autoimmune hypothesis in narcolepsy". Neurophysiologie Clinique/Clinical Neurophysiology. 23 (1): 15–22. doi:10.1016/S0987-7053(05)80279-5. ISSN 0987-7053.
  37. ↑ Mignot, Emmanuel; Tafti, Mehdi; Dement, William C.; Grumet, F.Carl (1995). "Narcolepsy and immunity". Advances in Neuroimmunology. 5 (1): 23–37. doi:10.1016/0960-5428(94)00043-N. ISSN 0960-5428.
  38. ↑ Parkes JD, Langdon N, Lock C (1986). "Narcolepsy and immunity". Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 292 (6517): 359–60. doi:10.1136/bmj.292.6517.359. PMC 1339341. PMID 3080168.
  39. ↑ de Lecea L, Kilduff TS, Peyron C, Gao X, Foye PE, Danielson PE; et al. (1998). "The hypocretins: hypothalamus-specific peptides with neuroexcitatory activity". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 95 (1): 322–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.1.322. PMC 18213. PMID 9419374.
  40. ↑ Sakurai T, Amemiya A, Ishii M, Matsuzaki I, Chemelli RM, Tanaka H; et al. (1998). "Orexins and orexin receptors: a family of hypothalamic neuropeptides and G protein-coupled receptors that regulate feeding behavior". Cell. 92 (4): 573–85. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80949-6. PMID 9491897.
  41. ↑ Prinzmetal, Myron (1935). "THE USE OF BENZEDRINE FOR THE TREATMENT OF NARCOLEPSY". Journal of the American Medical Association. 105 (25): 2051. doi:10.1001/jama.1935.02760510023006. ISSN 0002-9955.
  42. ↑ AKIMOTO H, HONDA Y, TAKAHASHI Y (1960). "Pharmacotherapy in narcolepsy". Dis Nerv Syst. 21: 704–6. PMID 13681922.
  43. ↑ Yoss, R. E.; Daly, D. (1959). "Treatment of narcolepsy with Ritalin". Neurology. 9 (3): 171–171. doi:10.1212/WNL.9.3.171. ISSN 0028-3878.

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