Metabolic alkalosis causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Overview

Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].

OR

Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].

OR

The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].

OR

The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click here.

Causes

There are several causes of metabolic alkalosis. Life threatening causes of severe metabolic alkalosis (pH 7.55 to 7.65) may result in death (45% to 80%) or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.[1]

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Dilated cardiomyopathy, Malignant hypertension, Renovascular hypertension
Chemical / poisoning No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Aldosterone, Carbenoxolone, Diuretics, Ethacrynic Acid, Fludrocortisone, Glucocorticoids, Intravenous Pencillins, Laxatives, Lydia Pinkham's vegetable compound, Mineralocorticoids, Pramipexole, Sodium bicarbonate, Tolazoline, Tromethamine
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Cushing syndrome, Glucocorticoid-remediable hyperaldosteronism, Hyperaldosteronism, 11 beta hydroxylase deficiency, C17-hydroxylase deficiency, Conn syndrome, Bilateral adrenal hyperplasia, Adrenal adenoma, Adrenal carcinoma
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Gastric fistula, Villous adenoma, VIPoma, Congenital chloride diarrhea, Cystic fibrosis
Genetic 11 beta hydroxylase deficiency, Bartter syndrome, C17-hydroxylase deficiency, Congenital chloride diarrhea, Cystic fibrosis, Gietelman syndrome, Glucocorticoid receptor defect, Liddle syndrome, SeSAME syndrome
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic Massive blood transfusion, Nasogastric suction
Infectious Disease No underlying causes
Musculoskeletal / Ortho No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional / Metabolic Hypercalcemia, Hypokalemia, Hypomagnesemia, Refeeding syndrome, Glucocorticoid receptor defect, Glycyrrhizic acid, Licorice
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Adrenal adenoma, Adrenal carcinoma, Conn syndrome, Hemangiopericytoma,VIPoma, Juxtaglomerular cell tumor
Opthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity Aldosterone, Carbenoxolone, Diuretics, Fludrocortisone, Glucocorticoids, Intravenous Pencillins, Laxatives, Lydia Pinkham's vegetable compound, Mineralocorticoids, Sodium bicarbonate, Tolazoline, Tromethamine
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Cystic fibrosis
Renal / Electrolyte Bilateral adrenal hyperplasia, Hypokalemic distal renal tubular acidosis, Juxtaglomerular cell tumor, Milk-alkali syndrome, Renovascular hypertension, Bartter syndrome, Gietelman syndrome, Liddle syndrome, Adrenal adenoma, Adrenal carcinoma
Rheum / Immune / Allergy No underlying causes
Sexual Cystic fibrosis
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Chewing tobacco, Glycyrrhizic acid, Licorice, Posthypercapnia, Vomiting, Laxatives, Refeeding syndrome, Milk-alkali syndrome

Causes in Alphabetical Order

  1. Tripathy S (October 2009). "Extreme metabolic alkalosis in intensive care". Indian J Crit Care Med. 13 (4): 217–20. doi:10.4103/0972-5229.60175. PMC 2856150. PMID 20436691.
  2. Galla JH, Gifford JD, Luke RG, Rome L (October 1991). "Adaptations to chloride-depletion alkalosis". Am J Physiol. 261 (4 Pt 2): R771–81. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1991.261.4.R771. PMID 1928424.
  3. Pedroli G, Liechti-Gallati S, Mauri S, Birrer P, Kraemer R, Foletti-Jäggi C, Bianchetti MG (1995). "Chronic metabolic alkalosis: not uncommon in young children with severe cystic fibrosis". Am J Nephrol. 15 (3): 245–50. doi:10.1159/000168839. PMID 7618650.
  4. Sabatini S (March 1996). "The cellular basis of metabolic alkalosis". Kidney Int. 49 (3): 906–17. doi:10.1038/ki.1996.125. PMID 8648937.
  5. Höglund P, Haila S, Socha J, Tomaszewski L, Saarialho-Kere U, Karjalainen-Lindsberg ML, Airola K, Holmberg C, de la Chapelle A, Kere J (November 1996). "Mutations of the Down-regulated in adenoma (DRA) gene cause congenital chloride diarrhoea". Nat Genet. 14 (3): 316–9. doi:10.1038/ng1196-316. PMID 8896562.
  6. Kurtz I (October 1998). "Molecular pathogenesis of Bartter's and Gitelman's syndromes". Kidney Int. 54 (4): 1396–410. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.1998.00124.x. PMID 9767561.
  7. Warnock DG (January 1998). "Liddle syndrome: an autosomal dominant form of human hypertension". Kidney Int. 53 (1): 18–24. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.1998.00728.x. PMID 9452995.
  8. Plawker MW, Rabinowitz SS, Etwaru DJ, Glassberg KI (August 1995). "Hypergastrinemia, dysuria-hematuria and metabolic alkalosis: complications associated with gastrocystoplasty". J Urol. 154 (2 Pt 1): 546–9. doi:10.1097/00005392-199508000-00066. PMID 7609133.