Menopause natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
No edit summary |
No edit summary |
||
| Line 16: | Line 16: | ||
[[Complications]] that can develop as a result of [[menopause]] include:<ref name="pmid8323825">{{cite journal| author=Marten SK| title=Complications of menopause and the risks and benefits of estrogen replacement therapy. | journal=J Am Acad Nurse Pract | year= 1993 | volume= 5 | issue= 2 | pages= 55-61 | pmid=8323825 | doi=10.1111/j.1745-7599.1993.tb00844.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8323825 }} </ref><ref name="pmid19863456">{{cite journal| author=Teede HJ, Lombard C, Deeks AA| title=Obesity, metabolic complications and the menopause: an opportunity for prevention. | journal=Climacteric | year= 2010 | volume= 13 | issue= 3 | pages= 203-9 | pmid=19863456 | doi=10.3109/13697130903296909 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19863456 }} </ref><ref>{{cite journal| author=Okeke T, Anyaehie U, Ezenyeaku C| title=Premature menopause. | journal=Ann Med Health Sci Res | year= 2013 | volume= 3 | issue= 1 | pages= 90-5 | pmc=3634232 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23634337 }} </ref><ref name="pmid17364594">{{cite journal| author=Rosano GM, Vitale C, Marazzi G, Volterrani M| title=Menopause and cardiovascular disease: the evidence. | journal=Climacteric | year= 2007 | volume= 10 Suppl 1 | issue= | pages= 19-24 | pmid=17364594 | doi=10.1080/13697130601114917 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17364594 }} </ref> | [[Complications]] that can develop as a result of [[menopause]] include:<ref name="pmid8323825">{{cite journal| author=Marten SK| title=Complications of menopause and the risks and benefits of estrogen replacement therapy. | journal=J Am Acad Nurse Pract | year= 1993 | volume= 5 | issue= 2 | pages= 55-61 | pmid=8323825 | doi=10.1111/j.1745-7599.1993.tb00844.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8323825 }} </ref><ref name="pmid19863456">{{cite journal| author=Teede HJ, Lombard C, Deeks AA| title=Obesity, metabolic complications and the menopause: an opportunity for prevention. | journal=Climacteric | year= 2010 | volume= 13 | issue= 3 | pages= 203-9 | pmid=19863456 | doi=10.3109/13697130903296909 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19863456 }} </ref><ref>{{cite journal| author=Okeke T, Anyaehie U, Ezenyeaku C| title=Premature menopause. | journal=Ann Med Health Sci Res | year= 2013 | volume= 3 | issue= 1 | pages= 90-5 | pmc=3634232 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23634337 }} </ref><ref name="pmid17364594">{{cite journal| author=Rosano GM, Vitale C, Marazzi G, Volterrani M| title=Menopause and cardiovascular disease: the evidence. | journal=Climacteric | year= 2007 | volume= 10 Suppl 1 | issue= | pages= 19-24 | pmid=17364594 | doi=10.1080/13697130601114917 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17364594 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Cardiovascular disease|Cardiovascular Disease]] because estrogen deficiency has an effect on cardiovascular | *[[Cardiovascular disease|Cardiovascular Disease]], because of [[estrogen]] deficiency has an effect on [[cardiovascular system]] due to [[hyperlipidemia]], [[hypertension]], increased [[Sympathetic nervous system|sympathetic activity]]. | ||
*[[Osteoporosis]] | *[[Osteoporosis]] is a [[disease]] of the [[bones]] that causes [[bones]] to become weak and break easily, [[estrogen]] deficiency increases [https://support.clearcorrect.com/hc/en-us/articles/203836908-Osteoclastic-and-Osteoblastic-Activity#:~:text=Osteoclastic%20activity%20refers%20to%20the,allowing%20the%20tooth%20to%20move. osteoclastic activity] | ||
*[[Stroke]] | *[[Stroke]], the risk of [[stroke]] increased in women after 10 years [[Menopause|post menopause]] and associated with [[hormonal replacement therapy]] | ||
*[[Obesity]] | *[[Obesity]] | ||
*[[Urinary incontinence]] | *[[Urinary incontinence]] | ||
Revision as of 05:20, 12 February 2021
|
Menopause Microchapters |
|
Diagnosis |
|---|
|
Treatment |
|
Case Studies |
|
Menopause natural history, complications and prognosis On the Web |
|
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Menopause natural history, complications and prognosis |
|
FDA on Menopause natural history, complications and prognosis |
|
CDC on Menopause natural history, complications and prognosis |
|
Menopause natural history, complications and prognosis in the news |
|
Blogs on Menopause natural history, complications and prognosis |
|
Risk calculators and risk factors for Menopause natural history, complications and prognosis |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Rahmah Al-Edresi, M.D.[2]
Overview
The symptoms of menopause typically develop in the menopausal transition years. Left untreated women, 15% increased the risk of causes mortality among women with menopausal symptoms after approximately 7.4 years on average, women may progress to develop hypertension and heart diseases. Common complications of menopause include Cardiovascular Disease, stroke, Osteoporosis.Generally, the prognosis of menopause is good with treatment and a healthy lifestyle include stop smoking, a healthy diet, and exercise. In the late postmenopause stage, most menopausal symptoms relieved in most women. but untreated menopausal symptoms are poor prognosis in women which have high-risk factors to develop of complications that are associated with menopause.
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
Natural History
- The symptoms of menopause usually develop in the menopausal transition years (perimenopause) and start with irregular mense and vasomotor symptoms such as hot flashes, night sweats, palpitations, and headache. These symptoms continued until reach to postmenopause, in this stage a woman has amenorrhea for on year and vasomotor symptoms in addition to other symptoms such as vaginal atrophy, decreased libido, stress incontinence, frequency, depression and sleep disturbance.[1]
- Without treatment, the patient will develop symptoms of hypertension, atherosclerosis, and hyperlipidemia which may eventually lead to cardiovascular disease and coronary heart disease and osteoporosis.[2]
Complications
Complications that can develop as a result of menopause include:[2][3][4][5]
- Cardiovascular Disease, because of estrogen deficiency has an effect on cardiovascular system due to hyperlipidemia, hypertension, increased sympathetic activity.
- Osteoporosis is a disease of the bones that causes bones to become weak and break easily, estrogen deficiency increases osteoclastic activity
- Stroke, the risk of stroke increased in women after 10 years post menopause and associated with hormonal replacement therapy
- Obesity
- Urinary incontinence
Complications that can develop as a result of the treatment of menopause include[6]
Prognosis
- Generally, the prognosis of menopause is good with treatment and healthy lifestyle include stop smoking and a healthy diet and exercise. In the late post-menopause stage, most menopausal symptoms relieved in most women. but untreated menopausal symptoms are poor prognosis among women which have high-risk factors to develop complications that are associated with menopause.
References
- ↑ Xu J, Bartoces M, Neale AV, Dailey RK, Northrup J, Schwartz KL (2005). "Natural history of menopause symptoms in primary care patients: a MetroNet study". J Am Board Fam Pract. 18 (5): 374–82. doi:10.3122/jabfm.18.5.374. PMID 16148247.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Marten SK (1993). "Complications of menopause and the risks and benefits of estrogen replacement therapy". J Am Acad Nurse Pract. 5 (2): 55–61. doi:10.1111/j.1745-7599.1993.tb00844.x. PMID 8323825.
- ↑ Teede HJ, Lombard C, Deeks AA (2010). "Obesity, metabolic complications and the menopause: an opportunity for prevention". Climacteric. 13 (3): 203–9. doi:10.3109/13697130903296909. PMID 19863456.
- ↑ Okeke T, Anyaehie U, Ezenyeaku C (2013). "Premature menopause". Ann Med Health Sci Res. 3 (1): 90–5. PMC 3634232.
- ↑ Rosano GM, Vitale C, Marazzi G, Volterrani M (2007). "Menopause and cardiovascular disease: the evidence". Climacteric. 10 Suppl 1: 19–24. doi:10.1080/13697130601114917. PMID 17364594.
- ↑ Stuenkel CA, Davis SR, Gompel A, Lumsden MA, Murad MH, Pinkerton JV; et al. (2015). "Treatment of Symptoms of the Menopause: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 100 (11): 3975–4011. doi:10.1210/jc.2015-2236. PMID 26444994.