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{{Menopause}}
{{Menopause}}
{{CMG}}'''Associate Editors-In-Chief:'''       
{{CMG}} {{RA}}     


== <big>'''Overview'''</big> ==
==<big>Overview</big>==
Menopause occurs naturally or can be induced, Induced menopause happens as a result of bilateral [[oophorectomy]], [[hysterectomy]], [[salpingo-oophorectomy]], a complication of [[tubal ligation]], complications of treatment, such as [[chemotherapy]] and [[radiotherapy]], [[autoimmune diseases]] such as [[Thyroid diseases|thyroid disease]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], Turner’s syndrome, myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, [[polycystic ovary syndrome]], premature ovarian insufficiency.  
[[menopause]] is caused by the increased [[age]] of [[women]]. But the common [[causes]] of  [[premature menopause]] include [[Premature ovarian failure]], [[chemotherapy]], and [[radiotherapy]] and bilateral [[oophorectomy]], [[salpingo-oophorectomy]], and [[hysterectomy]]. Less common [[causes]] include [[Autoimmune diseases]], [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetes mellitus]], [[Thyroid disease]]. [[chronic fatigue syndrome]].  [[Genetic disorder|Genetic]] causes include [[Fragile X syndrome|Fragile X Syndrome]] and [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/turner-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20360782#:~:text=Overview,to%20develop%20and%20heart%20defects. Turner’s syndrome]


Several risk factors accelerate happen early menopause such as undiagnosed and untreated coeliac disease, family history and Cigarette smoking has been found to decrease the age at menopause by as much as one year and women who smoke have early menopause before non-smoking women.<ref>https://www.womenshealth.gov/menopause/early-or-premature-menopause</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menopause#Causes</ref>


== '''<big>causes</big>''' ==
==<big>Causes</big>==
Natural [[menopause]] is caused by [[age]], but [[premature menopause]] is caused by several [[causes]] include


=== <big>Common causes:</big> ===
===Common causes===


*'''<big>Age:</big>'''
*[[Premature ovarian failure]]/[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2762081/ Primary ovarian insufficiency]<ref name="pmid27377497">{{cite journal| author=Hernández-Angeles C, Castelo-Branco C| title=Early menopause: A hazard to a woman's health. | journal=Indian J Med Res | year= 2016 | volume= 143 | issue= 4 | pages= 420-7 | pmid=27377497 | doi=10.4103/0971-5916.184283 | pmc=4928547 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27377497  }} </ref>
*[[Complication]] of [[Chemotherapy]] or [[radiotherapy]].
*[[Surgery|Surgical]] [[causes]]: bilateral [[oophorectomy]], [[salpingo-oophorectomy]], and [[hysterectomy]].<ref name="pmid31416275">{{cite journal| author=Secoșan C, Balint O, Pirtea L, Grigoraș D, Bălulescu L, Ilina R| title=Surgically Induced Menopause-A Practical Review of Literature. | journal=Medicina (Kaunas) | year= 2019 | volume= 55 | issue= 8 | pages=  | pmid=31416275 | doi=10.3390/medicina55080482 | pmc=6722518 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31416275  }} </ref>


As women age, physiological menopause happened is the result of the eventual [[atresia]] of almost all oocytes in the ovaries and deficiency of estrogen and progesterone hormone production.
===Less common causes===
Certain [[health]] [[conditions]] include:


* <big>'''Certain health conditions:'''</big>
*[[Autoimmune diseases]]
*[[Diabetes mellitus|Diabetes Mellitus]]
*[[Thyroid disease]]
*[[Chronic fatigue syndrome]]<ref>{{cite journal| author=Okeke T, Anyaehie U, Ezenyeaku C| title=Premature menopause. | journal=Ann Med Health Sci Res | year= 2013 | volume= 3 | issue= 1 | pages= 90-5 | pmc=3634232 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23634337  }} </ref>


# Autoimmune diseases
===Genetic causes===
#Rheumatoid arthritis
#Diabetes Mellitus
#Thyroid disease
#Premature ovarian insufficiency
#Polycystic ovary syndrome


*<big>'''Chemotherapy or radiotherapy:</big>'''.
*[[Fragile X syndrome|Fragile X Syndrome]].
*Missing [[X chromosomes]] ([https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/turner-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20360782#:~:text=Overview,to%20develop%20and%20heart%20defects. Turner’s syndrome])<ref name="pmid12773939">{{cite journal| author=Santoro N| title=Mechanisms of premature ovarian failure. | journal=Ann Endocrinol (Paris) | year= 2003 | volume= 64 | issue= 2 | pages= 87-92 | pmid=12773939 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12773939  }} </ref>


Treatments of cancer can damage ovaries and cause periods to stop forever or just for a while.


*<big>'''Surgical causes:</big>
#Bilateral oophorectomy, remove ovaries and salpingo-oophorectomy, remove ovaries with Fallopian tubes.
# Hysterectomy, removal of the uterus.
=== <big>Less common causes:</big> ===
#Chronic fatigue syndrome, Women with chronic fatigue syndrome are more likely to have early or premature menopause.
# HIV and AIDS, Women with HIV whose infection is not well controlled with medicine may experience early menopause. Women with HIV may also have more severe hot flashes than women without HIV.
=== <big>Genetic cause:</big> ===
*Fragile X syndrome gene
*Missing chromosomes such as Turner’s syndrome.
<br />
==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
 


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Latest revision as of 16:52, 12 February 2021

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Rahmah Al-Edresi, M.D.[2]

Overview

menopause is caused by the increased age of women. But the common causes of premature menopause include Premature ovarian failure, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy and bilateral oophorectomy, salpingo-oophorectomy, and hysterectomy. Less common causes include Autoimmune diseases, diabetes mellitus, Thyroid disease. chronic fatigue syndrome. Genetic causes include Fragile X Syndrome and Turner’s syndrome


Causes

Natural menopause is caused by age, but premature menopause is caused by several causes include

Common causes

Less common causes

Certain health conditions include:

Genetic causes


References

  1. Hernández-Angeles C, Castelo-Branco C (2016). "Early menopause: A hazard to a woman's health". Indian J Med Res. 143 (4): 420–7. doi:10.4103/0971-5916.184283. PMC 4928547. PMID 27377497.
  2. Secoșan C, Balint O, Pirtea L, Grigoraș D, Bălulescu L, Ilina R (2019). "Surgically Induced Menopause-A Practical Review of Literature". Medicina (Kaunas). 55 (8). doi:10.3390/medicina55080482. PMC 6722518 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 31416275.
  3. Okeke T, Anyaehie U, Ezenyeaku C (2013). "Premature menopause". Ann Med Health Sci Res. 3 (1): 90–5. PMC 3634232.
  4. Santoro N (2003). "Mechanisms of premature ovarian failure". Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 64 (2): 87–92. PMID 12773939.


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