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{{Menopause}}
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==<big>Overview</big>==
[[menopause]] is caused by the increased [[age]] of [[women]]. But the common [[causes]] of  [[premature menopause]] include [[Premature ovarian failure]], [[chemotherapy]], and [[radiotherapy]] and bilateral [[oophorectomy]], [[salpingo-oophorectomy]], and [[hysterectomy]]. Less common [[causes]] include [[Autoimmune diseases]], [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetes mellitus]], [[Thyroid disease]]. [[chronic fatigue syndrome]].  [[Genetic disorder|Genetic]] causes include [[Fragile X syndrome|Fragile X Syndrome]] and [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/turner-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20360782#:~:text=Overview,to%20develop%20and%20heart%20defects. Turner’s syndrome]


== <big>'''Overview'''</big> ==
Menopause occurs naturally or can be induced, Induced menopause happens as a result of bilateral [[oophorectomy]], [[hysterectomy]], [[salpingo-oophorectomy]], a complication of [[tubal ligation]], complications of treatment, such as [[chemotherapy]] and [[radiotherapy]], [[autoimmune diseases]] such as [[Thyroid diseases|thyroid disease]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], Turner’s syndrome, myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, [[polycystic ovary syndrome]], premature ovarian insufficiency.


Several risk factors accelerate happen early menopause such as undiagnosed and untreated coeliac disease, family history and Cigarette smoking has been found to decrease the age at menopause by as much as one year and women who smoke have early menopause before non-smoking women.<ref>https://www.womenshealth.gov/menopause/early-or-premature-menopause</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menopause#Causes</ref>
==<big>Causes</big>==
Natural [[menopause]] is caused by [[age]], but [[premature menopause]] is caused by several [[causes]] include


== '''<big>causes</big>''' ==
===Common causes===


=== <big>Common causes:</big> ===
*[[Premature ovarian failure]]/[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2762081/ Primary ovarian insufficiency]<ref name="pmid27377497">{{cite journal| author=Hernández-Angeles C, Castelo-Branco C| title=Early menopause: A hazard to a woman's health. | journal=Indian J Med Res | year= 2016 | volume= 143 | issue= 4 | pages= 420-7 | pmid=27377497 | doi=10.4103/0971-5916.184283 | pmc=4928547 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27377497  }} </ref>
*[[Complication]] of [[Chemotherapy]] or [[radiotherapy]].
*[[Surgery|Surgical]] [[causes]]: bilateral [[oophorectomy]], [[salpingo-oophorectomy]], and [[hysterectomy]].<ref name="pmid31416275">{{cite journal| author=Secoșan C, Balint O, Pirtea L, Grigoraș D, Bălulescu L, Ilina R| title=Surgically Induced Menopause-A Practical Review of Literature. | journal=Medicina (Kaunas) | year= 2019 | volume= 55 | issue= 8 | pages=  | pmid=31416275 | doi=10.3390/medicina55080482 | pmc=6722518 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31416275  }} </ref>


*'''<big>Age:</big>'''
===Less common causes===
Certain [[health]] [[conditions]] include:


As women age, physiological menopause happened is the result of the eventual [[atresia]] of almost all oocytes in the ovaries and deficiency of estrogen and progesterone hormone production.
*[[Autoimmune diseases]]
*[[Diabetes mellitus|Diabetes Mellitus]]
*[[Thyroid disease]]
*[[Chronic fatigue syndrome]]<ref>{{cite journal| author=Okeke T, Anyaehie U, Ezenyeaku C| title=Premature menopause. | journal=Ann Med Health Sci Res | year= 2013 | volume= 3 | issue= 1 | pages= 90-5 | pmc=3634232 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23634337  }} </ref>


* <big>'''Certain health conditions:'''</big>
===Genetic causes===


# Autoimmune diseases, such as thyroid disease, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus. The body’s immune system attacks the ovaries and keeps them from making hormones.
*[[Fragile X syndrome|Fragile X Syndrome]].
#Premature ovarian insufficiency.
*Missing [[X chromosomes]] ([https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/turner-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20360782#:~:text=Overview,to%20develop%20and%20heart%20defects. Turner’s syndrome])<ref name="pmid12773939">{{cite journal| author=Santoro N| title=Mechanisms of premature ovarian failure. | journal=Ann Endocrinol (Paris) | year= 2003 | volume= 64 | issue= 2 | pages= 87-92 | pmid=12773939 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12773939  }} </ref>
#Polycystic ovary syndrome.
 
*<big>'''Chemotherapy or radiotherapy:</big>'''.  
 
Treatments of cancer can damage of ovaries and cause  periods to stop forever or just for a while.
 
*<big>'''Surgical causes:</big>
 
#Bilateral oophorectomy and salpingo-oophorectomy, periods will stop after this surgery, and hormone levels will drop quickly with strong menopausal symptoms.
# Hysterectomy, removal of the uterus, hysterectomy, does not itself cause menopause, although pelvic surgery can sometimes precipitate somewhat earlier menopause, perhaps because of compromised blood supply to the ovaries. Women who have undergone hysterectomy with ovary conservation go through menopause 3.7 years earlier than average.
 
=== <big>Less common causes:</big> ===
 
#Chronic fatigue syndrome, Women with chronic fatigue syndrome are more likely to have early or premature menopause.
 
# HIV and AIDS, Women with HIV whose infection is not well controlled with medicine may experience early menopause. Women with HIV may also have more severe hot flashes than women without HIV.
 
=== <big>Genetic cause:</big> ===
 
*Fragile X syndrome gene or Missing chromosomes: Women born with missing chromosomes or problems with chromosomes can go through menopause early, such as Turner’s syndrome, women are born without all or part of one X chromosome, so their ovaries do not form normally at birth and their menstrual cycles, including the time around menopause, may not be normal




==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
 


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Latest revision as of 16:52, 12 February 2021

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Rahmah Al-Edresi, M.D.[2]

Overview

menopause is caused by the increased age of women. But the common causes of premature menopause include Premature ovarian failure, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy and bilateral oophorectomy, salpingo-oophorectomy, and hysterectomy. Less common causes include Autoimmune diseases, diabetes mellitus, Thyroid disease. chronic fatigue syndrome. Genetic causes include Fragile X Syndrome and Turner’s syndrome


Causes

Natural menopause is caused by age, but premature menopause is caused by several causes include

Common causes

Less common causes

Certain health conditions include:

Genetic causes


References

  1. ↑ Hernández-Angeles C, Castelo-Branco C (2016). "Early menopause: A hazard to a woman's health". Indian J Med Res. 143 (4): 420–7. doi:10.4103/0971-5916.184283. PMC 4928547. PMID 27377497.
  2. ↑ Secoșan C, Balint O, Pirtea L, Grigoraș D, Bălulescu L, Ilina R (2019). "Surgically Induced Menopause-A Practical Review of Literature". Medicina (Kaunas). 55 (8). doi:10.3390/medicina55080482. PMC 6722518 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 31416275.
  3. ↑ Okeke T, Anyaehie U, Ezenyeaku C (2013). "Premature menopause". Ann Med Health Sci Res. 3 (1): 90–5. PMC 3634232.
  4. ↑ Santoro N (2003). "Mechanisms of premature ovarian failure". Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 64 (2): 87–92. PMID 12773939.


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