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==[[Macrocytic anemia case study one|Case #1]]==
==[[Macrocytic anemia case study one|Case #1]]==
==Diagnosis==
===Laboratory diagnosis===
* Measurement of homocysteine and Methyl malanoic acid can help confirm and differentiate from folate deficiency.
* Both are elevated in B12 deficiency while only homocysteine is elevate in folate deficiency.
* If PA is based on low serum level, Anti-IF antibodies are confirmatory but only present in 50%.
* Anti-pareital cell Abs are more sensitive (90%) but less specific.
====Schilling Test====
* Dietary B12 is bound to factors that are cleaved off by acid leaving B12 free to bind to R factors secreted by the saliva and gastric juice.
* B12 bound to R factor is not absorbed, but instead requires the alkaline pancreatic secretions and proteases in the duodenum to be freed from R factor.
* Free B12 can then bind to IF where it is transported to the ileum where a specific receptor then takes up the complex.  Therefore, normal B12 absorption and action are dependent of 5 things:
** Dietary intake
** Acid in the stomach
** Pancreatic secretions
** Secretion of IF by Gastric parietal cells
** An ileum that can absorb the IF-B12 complex
* The Schilling test is designed to test the different components of this system. 
* First, 1mg IM B12 is given to saturate transcobalmin.
* Radiolabeled B12 is then given orally.
* If it can be absorbed, then >9% will be excreted in the urine in 24 hours and the rest is eliminated in the feces undetected.
* Renal insufficiency causes a falsely low level.
* It may be spuriously normal in patients without gastrectomy.
* Since, acid is required to free dietary B12 from binding factors.
* Radiolabeled b12 is not bound to these factors.  Therefore, persons with impaired acid and pepsin production can absorb too little dietary B12, but will absorb free B12 normally.
* Part two of the Schilling test is administering radiolabeled b12 with OF to see if the problem corrects.  This should differentiate PA from those with intestinal malabsorption.  Remember, B12 deficiency affects the intestinal mucosal cells and causes malabsorption.  Therefore, Part II should only be done 4 weeks after replacement, giving the mucosa time to regenerate in PA.
* If Part II is abnormal, Part III is basically a repeat of Part I after a course of antibiotics/vermicides.
* If this is abnormal, an malabsorptive cause is implicated.


==Causes==
==Causes==

Revision as of 14:33, 21 September 2012

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Macrocytic anemia
Megaloblastic anemia blood smear
ICD-10 D51.1, D52.0, D53.1
ICD-9 281
DiseasesDB 29507
MeSH D000749

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Macrocytic anemia from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

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Case #1

Causes

Normal B12 absorption and action are dependent of 5 things: dietary intake, acid in the stomach, pancreatic secretions, secretion of IF by Gastric parietal cells, an ileum that can absorb the IF-B12 complex

  • Vitamin B12 Deficiency: [1] [2]
  1. Deficient intake
  2. Deficient intrinsic factor (pernicious anaemia or gastrectomy)
  3. Bilogical competition for B12 by diverticulosis, fistula, intestinal anastomosis, achlorhydria and infection by the marine parasite Diphyllobothrium latum
  4. Selective B12 malabsorption (congenital and drug-induced)
  5. Chronic pancreatitis
  6. Ileal resection and bypass
  • Folate Deficiency:
  1. Deficient intake.
  2. Increased needs: pregnancy, infant, rapid cellular proliferation, and cirrhosis
  3. Malabsorption (congenital and drug-induced)
  4. Intestinal and jejunal resection
  • Combined Dieficiency (Tropical Sprue): Vitamin B12 & Folate.
  • Inherited DNA Synthesis Disorders: Deficient thiamine and factors (e.g. enzymes) responsible for folate metabolism.
  • Toxins and Drugs:
  1. Folic acid antagonists (methotrexate)
  2. Purine antagonists (6-mercaptopurine)
  3. Pyrimidine antagonists (cytosine arabinoside)
  • In general:

Classification

Megaloblastic anemias (DNA replication disorders)

  • Commonest cause of macrocytic anemia.
  • In megaloblastic anemias cells are larger because they cannot produce DNA quickly enough to divide at the right time as they grow, and thus grow too large before division.
  • Causes for the DNA synthetic problem range from lack of certain vitamins needed to produce DNA (notably folate and B12), to poisons or inhibitors of DNA replication, such as some kinds of antiviral drugs and chemotherapeutic agents.
  • The pathognomonic findings of megaloblastic anemia are: megaloblasts in bone marrow, ovalocytes in the (peripheral) blood smear, and hypersegmented neutrophils.

Non megaloblastic macrocytic anemias

  • Non megaloblastic macrocytic anemias, are disorders associated with increased red cell membrane surface area
  • It is commonly associated with pathologies of the liver and spleen which produce codocytes or "target cells" which have a central collection of hemoglobin surrounded by a pallor (a thin area) then followed by a thicker collection of hemoglobin at the rim of the cell.

Alcohol

  • Round macrocytes which are not codocytes are produced in chronic alcoholism (which produces a mild macrocytosis even in the absence of vitamin deficiency), apparently as a direct toxic effect of alcohol specifically on the bone marrow.

Association with rapid red cell turnover and reticulocytosis

Mild macrocytocis is a common finding associated with rapid blood restoration or production, since in general, "fresh" or newly-produced red cells (reticulocytes) are larger than the mean (average) size, due to slow shrinkage of normal cells over a normal red cell circulating lifetime. Thus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), in which which red cells are rapidly produced in response to low oxygen levels in the blood, often produces mild macrocytosis. Also, rapid blood replacement from the marrow after a traumatic blood loss, or rapid red blood cell turnover from rapid hemolysis, also often produces mild macrocytosis in the associated anemia. ==Diagnosis==

History and Symptoms

  • The major manifestations of Folate or B12 deficiency are related to the anemia and gastrointestinal dysfunction. Only B12 deficiency causes neurologic dysfunction. Constitutional symptoms related to anemia such as fatigue, dyspnea, lightheadedess, and anorexia occur. High output cardiac failure and angina are also consequences.

Symptoms mostly related to GI mucosal abnormalities. Tend to be worse in folate rather than B12 deficiency. Diarrhea, cheilosis and glossitis can be noted.

  • The classic picture of B12 deficiency is subacute combined degeneration of the dorsal columns. Specific for B12 deficiency, the patient will present with a broad based gait, ataxic, irritable, forgetful with numbness or paresthesias. Rhomberg and Babinski’s can be noted. Dementia may progress to frank “Megaloblastic Madness”. Remember, hematological abnormalities can occur without neurologic manifestations in B12 deficiency.

Hematological findings

MCV is often >110. Hct can often be as low as 15. Elevated LDH and bilirubin are seen since dyserythopoesis leads to destruction of >90% of RBC precursors. Hypersegmentation of PMNs is quite sensitive (>5% with 5 or more lobes or >1% with 6 lobes). Reticulocyte, WBC and platelets are low to normal. In one series of patients with B12 deficiency, 64% had a MCV greater than 100, and only 29% had anemia. In general the blood film can point towards vitamin deficiency:

Blood chemistries will also show:

  • Increased homocysteine and methylmalonic acid in B12 deficiency
  • Increased homocysteine in folate defiency

Analysis

The Schilling test was performed in the past to determine the nature of the vitamin B12 deficiency, but due to the lack of available radioactive B12, it is now largely a historical artifact. Vitamin BTemplate:Ssub is a necessary prosthetic group to the enzyme methylmalonyl-coenzyme A mutase. BTemplate:Ssub deficiency leads to dysfunction of this enzyme and a buildup of its substrate, methylmalonic acid, the elevated level of which can be detected in the urine and blood. Since the level of methylmalonic acid is not elevated in folic acid deficiency, this test provides a one tool in differentiating the two. However, since the test for elevated methylmalonic acid is not specific enough, the gold standard for the diagnosis of B12 deficiency is a low blood level of B12. Unlike the Shilling test, which often included B12 with intrinsic factor, a low level of blood B12 gives no indication as to the etiology of the low B12, which may result from a number of mechanisms.

Treatment

  • Folate is administered 1mg QD. Higher doses may be required in malabsorptive syndromes. It is empirically given to those with SCD and those on HD.
  • B12 must be given as a load then maintenance. Most advocate 1000 mcg IM Qweek x4 then 100mcg/month.
  • LDH falls in 2 days. Hypokalemia requiring replacement can occur in the acute phase as new cells are being generated rapidly.
  • A reticulocytosis begins in 3-5 days and peaks in 10 days. The HCT will rise within 10days. If it does not, suspect another disorder. Hypersegmented PMNs disappear in 10-14 days.
  • Neurologic abnormalities may take up to 6 months to resolve if ever. The longer the disease has been present, the worse is the prognosis for recovery.
  • Persons with PA have a 2x risk of gastric CA (in some studies). Screen for occult blood.

el:Μακροκυτταρική αναιμία sq:Anemi makrocitike

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References

  1. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016
  2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X

gl:Anemia megaloblástica he:אנמיה מגלובלסטית it:Anemia megaloblastica sl:Megaloblastna anemija sr:Мегалобластна анемија


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