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{{Lung cancer}}
{{Lung cancer}}
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==Overview==
 
The majority of lung cancers present with advanced disease because the symptoms tend to occur later in the course of the disease. The patient experiences non-specific symptoms such as cough, hemoptysis, dyspnea, chest pain, dysphonia, dysphagia, fatigue, lack of appetite, weight loss, and fatigue from 3 weeks to 3 months before seeking medical attention. There are a variety of complications associated with lung cancer such as pleural effusion, leg weakness paresthesias, bladder/bladder dysfunction, seizures, hemiplegia, cranial nerve palsies, confusion, personality changes, skeletal pain, and/or pleuritic pain, [[atelectasis]], and/or [[bronchopleural fistula]]. The prognosis of lung cancer is poor if diagnosed during the advanced stages.
{{CMG}}; '''Assistant Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' [[User:Michael Maddaleni|Michael Maddaleni, B.S.]]


==Natural History==
==Natural History==
*The majority of lung cancers present with advanced disease because the symptoms tend to occur later in the course of the disease.<ref name="leary">{{cite book | last = Leary | first = A | title = Lung cancer a multidisciplinary approach | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell | location = Chichester, West Sussex, UK Ames, Iowa | year = 2012 | isbn = 9781405180757 }}</ref>
*The patient experiences non-specific symptoms such as [[cough]], [[hemoptysis]], [[dyspnea]], [[chest pain]], [[dysphonia]], [[dysphagia]], lack of appetite, [[weight loss]], and [[fatigue]] from 3 weeks to 3 months before seeking medical attention.
*While of duration of symptoms, the [[tumor]] cell may double 20 times.<ref name="leary">{{cite book | last = Leary | first = A | title = Lung cancer a multidisciplinary approach | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell | location = Chichester, West Sussex, UK Ames, Iowa | year = 2012 | isbn = 9781405180757 }}</ref>
*In more advanced disease, the tumor may spread to other organs such as the [[spinal cord]], [[brain]], and [[bone]].
*These patients may develop symptoms such as leg weakness, [[paresthesias]], bladder dysfunction, [[seizures]], [[hemiplegia]], cranial nerve palsies, [[confusion]] , personality changes, skeletal pain, and [[pleuritic]] pain.<ref name="leary">{{cite book | last = Leary | first = A | title = Lung cancer a multidisciplinary approach | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell | location = Chichester, West Sussex, UK Ames, Iowa | year = 2012 | isbn = 9781405180757 }}</ref>
*Once the cancer spreads to the other organs, it is most likely fatal.


==Complications==
==Complications==
There are a variety of complications associated with lung cancer that depends upon different factors such as the stage of the cancer.
'''General Complications'''


===General Complications===
The complications associated with Lung cancer are:<ref name="Jones">{{cite journal | last =Jones | first =DR | coauthors =Detterbeck FC | title =Pancoast tumors of the lung | journal =Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine | volume =4 | issue =4 | pages =191–197 | date =Jul 1998 | pmid =10813231 }}</ref><ref name="pmid16476534">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eren S, Karaman A, Okur A |title=The superior vena cava syndrome caused by malignant disease. Imaging with multi-detector row CT |journal=Eur J Radiol |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=93–103 |year=2006 |pmid=16476534 |doi=10.1016/j.ejrad.2006.01.003 |url=}}</ref>
#[[Breathing difficulties]]
* [[Breathing difficulties]]
##Lung cancer patients can experience trouble breathing especially when [[tumors]] grow and block the airways. Also, it is possible for fluid to build up in the lungs of the patients which makes it difficult for the lungs to fully expand when [[inhaling]].
:* Lung cancer patients can experience trouble breathing especially when [[tumors]] grow and block the airways. Also, it is possible for fluid to build up in the lungs of the patients which makes it difficult for the lungs to fully expand when [[inhaling]].
#[[Hemoptysis]] (coughing up blood)
* [[Pneumonia]]
##Occasionally lung cancer can cause bleeding in the airways which results in the patient coughing up [[blood]].
:* If the cancer grows in the [[airway]], it may obstruct airflow, causing [[dyspnea|breathing difficulties]]. This can lead to accumulation of secretions behind the blockage, predisposing the patient to [[pneumonia]].
#[[Pain]]
* [[Hemoptysis]] (coughing up blood)
##It is possible that lung cancer will cause pain as well, especially if it spreads to the [[lining of the lung]], or other areas of the body, like the [[bones]].
:* Occasionally lung cancer can cause bleeding in the airways which results in the patient coughing up [[blood]].
##There are treatments to help combat the pain.
* [[Pain]]
#[[Pleural effusion]]
:* It is possible that lung cancer will cause pain as well, especially if it spreads to the lining of the lung, or other areas of the body, like the [[bones]].
##Lung cancer can cause fluid to build up in the lungs which can cause breathing difficulties.
:* There are treatments to help combat the pain.
##There are treatments available to help drain the excess fluid
* [[Pleural effusion]]
#[[Metastasis]]
:* Lung cancer can cause fluid to build up in the lungs which can cause breathing difficulties.
##In many cases, lung cancer will spread out to other parts of the body. Some of the more common places lung cancer metastasizes to are the [[bones]], [[liver]], [[brain]], and [[adrenal glands]].
:* There are treatments available to help drain the excess fluid
* [[Metastasis]]
:* In many cases, lung cancer will spread out to other parts of the body. Some of the more common places lung cancer metastasizes to are the [[bones]], [[liver]], [[brain]], and [[adrenal glands]].
* [[Horner's syndrome]]
:* Tumors in the top (apex) of the lung, known as [[Pancoast tumor]]s, may invade the local part of the [[sympathetic nervous system]], leading to changed sweating patterns and eye muscle problems (a combination known as [[Horner's syndrome]]).
*[[Superior vena cava syndrome]]
**SVCS is a group of symptoms caused by obstruction of the superior vena cava. More than 60% of cases of superior vena cava obstruction are caused by malignant causes, typically a tumor outside the vessel compressing the vessel wall.


===Surgical Complications===
'''Surgical Complications'''
#[[Bronchopleural fistula]]
* [[Bronchopleural fistula]]
##It is when air leaks from a [[pneumonectomy]] [[bronchial stump]]
:* It is when air leaks from a [[pneumonectomy]] bronchial stump
##Approximately 2% of patients that undergo a [[pneumonectomy]] experience this
:* Approximately 2% of patients that undergo a [[pneumonectomy]] experience this
##It will most commonly occur approximately 7 to 10 days after surgery
:* It will most commonly occur approximately 7 to 10 days after surgery
#[[Intrathoracic bleeding]]
* [[Hemothorax]]
##In most cases it occurs from [[bronchial vessels]] or [[lung parenchyma]]
:* In most cases it occurs from [[bronchial vessels]] or lung parenchyma
##It may have the [[symptoms]] of [[hypovaelemia]]
:* It may have the [[symptoms]] of [[hypovolemia]]
##Usually, it can be treated by [[transfusion]]
:* Usually, it can be treated by [[transfusion]]
#[[Atelectasis]]
* [[Atelectasis]]
#[[Sputum]] retention
* [[Sputum]] retention


==Prognosis==
==Prognosis==
The prognosis of pancreatic is poor and it depends on the following:
The prognosis of lung cancer is poor and it depends on the following:
* Whether or not the tumor can be removed by surgery.
* Whether or not the tumor can be removed by surgery
* The stage of the cancer: the size of the tumor, whether the cancer has spread outside the pancreas
* The stage of the cancer: the size of the tumor, whether the cancer has spread outside the lung
* The patient’s general health
* The patient’s general health
* Whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred
* Whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred
'''Non–small cell lung cancer survival rate by stage'''<ref>Lung cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/lung/prognosis-and-survival/survival-statistics/?region=ab </ref>
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px; width: 300px" align="center"
| valign="top" |
|+
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 20px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Stage}}
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 20px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|5-year survival rate}}
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |IA
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |49%
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |IB
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |45%
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |IIA
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |30%
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |IIB
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |31%
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |IIIA
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |14%
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |IIIB
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |5%
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |IV
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |1%
|}
'''Small cell lung cancer survival rate'''
* To view the prognosis among patients with small cell lung carcinoma, please click [[Small cell carcinoma of the lung natural history, complications and prognosis|'''Here''']]


==References==
==References==
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Latest revision as of 15:48, 13 February 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Michael Maddaleni Saarah T. Alkhairy M.D Dildar Hussain, MBBS [2]

Overview

The majority of lung cancers present with advanced disease because the symptoms tend to occur later in the course of the disease. The patient experiences non-specific symptoms such as cough, hemoptysis, dyspnea, chest pain, dysphonia, dysphagia, fatigue, lack of appetite, weight loss, and fatigue from 3 weeks to 3 months before seeking medical attention. There are a variety of complications associated with lung cancer such as pleural effusion, leg weakness paresthesias, bladder/bladder dysfunction, seizures, hemiplegia, cranial nerve palsies, confusion, personality changes, skeletal pain, and/or pleuritic pain, atelectasis, and/or bronchopleural fistula. The prognosis of lung cancer is poor if diagnosed during the advanced stages.

Natural History

  • The majority of lung cancers present with advanced disease because the symptoms tend to occur later in the course of the disease.[1]
  • The patient experiences non-specific symptoms such as cough, hemoptysis, dyspnea, chest pain, dysphonia, dysphagia, lack of appetite, weight loss, and fatigue from 3 weeks to 3 months before seeking medical attention.
  • While of duration of symptoms, the tumor cell may double 20 times.[1]
  • In more advanced disease, the tumor may spread to other organs such as the spinal cord, brain, and bone.
  • These patients may develop symptoms such as leg weakness, paresthesias, bladder dysfunction, seizures, hemiplegia, cranial nerve palsies, confusion , personality changes, skeletal pain, and pleuritic pain.[1]
  • Once the cancer spreads to the other organs, it is most likely fatal.

Complications

General Complications

The complications associated with Lung cancer are:[2][3]

  • Lung cancer patients can experience trouble breathing especially when tumors grow and block the airways. Also, it is possible for fluid to build up in the lungs of the patients which makes it difficult for the lungs to fully expand when inhaling.
  • If the cancer grows in the airway, it may obstruct airflow, causing breathing difficulties. This can lead to accumulation of secretions behind the blockage, predisposing the patient to pneumonia.
  • Occasionally lung cancer can cause bleeding in the airways which results in the patient coughing up blood.
  • It is possible that lung cancer will cause pain as well, especially if it spreads to the lining of the lung, or other areas of the body, like the bones.
  • There are treatments to help combat the pain.
  • Lung cancer can cause fluid to build up in the lungs which can cause breathing difficulties.
  • There are treatments available to help drain the excess fluid
  • In many cases, lung cancer will spread out to other parts of the body. Some of the more common places lung cancer metastasizes to are the bones, liver, brain, and adrenal glands.
  • Superior vena cava syndrome
    • SVCS is a group of symptoms caused by obstruction of the superior vena cava. More than 60% of cases of superior vena cava obstruction are caused by malignant causes, typically a tumor outside the vessel compressing the vessel wall.

Surgical Complications

  • It is when air leaks from a pneumonectomy bronchial stump
  • Approximately 2% of patients that undergo a pneumonectomy experience this
  • It will most commonly occur approximately 7 to 10 days after surgery

Prognosis

The prognosis of lung cancer is poor and it depends on the following:

  • Whether or not the tumor can be removed by surgery
  • The stage of the cancer: the size of the tumor, whether the cancer has spread outside the lung
  • The patient’s general health
  • Whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred

Non–small cell lung cancer survival rate by stage[4]

Stage 5-year survival rate
IA 49%
IB 45%
IIA 30%
IIB 31%
IIIA 14%
IIIB 5%
IV 1%

Small cell lung cancer survival rate

  • To view the prognosis among patients with small cell lung carcinoma, please click Here

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Leary, A (2012). Lung cancer a multidisciplinary approach. Chichester, West Sussex, UK Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9781405180757.
  2. ↑ Jones, DR (Jul 1998). "Pancoast tumors of the lung". Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine. 4 (4): 191–197. PMID 10813231. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ Eren S, Karaman A, Okur A (2006). "The superior vena cava syndrome caused by malignant disease. Imaging with multi-detector row CT". Eur J Radiol. 59 (1): 93–103. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2006.01.003. PMID 16476534.
  4. ↑ Lung cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/lung/prognosis-and-survival/survival-statistics/?region=ab

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