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{{Lung cancer}}
{{Lung cancer}}


{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' Kim-Son H. Nguyen, M.D., M.P.A., Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA; {{CZ}}; {{Rim}}; '''Assistant Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' [[User:Michael Maddaleni|Michael Maddaleni, B.S.]]
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{KSH}} {{CZ}}; {{Rim}}; '''Assistant Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' [[User:Michael Maddaleni|Michael Maddaleni, B.S.]]


==Overview==
==Overview==
Lung cancer is the most deadliest cancer and the second most common cancer among both genders. Older individuals > 50 years of age who have a history of [[smoking]] are at increased risk. Historically, the incidence of lung cancer is significantly higher among males compared to females. This increased ratio is thought to be attributed to the increased rates of smoking among men. However, more women are being diagnosed with lung cancer due to the increased rate of smoking among women. In 2014, the incidence of [[lung cancer]] in the United States for 2014 was approximately 70 cases per 100,000.<ref name="SiegelMa2014">{{cite journal|last1=Siegel|first1=Rebecca|last2=Ma|first2=Jiemin|last3=Zou|first3=Zhaohui|last4=Jemal|first4=Ahmedin|title=Cancer statistics, 2014|journal=CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians|volume=64|issue=1|year=2014|pages=9–29|issn=00079235|doi=10.3322/caac.21208}}</ref>
Lung cancer is the most common cause of [[cancer]]-associated [[mortality]] and the second most common type of [[cancer]] among both genders. Individuals > 50 years of age who have a history of [[smoking]] are at increased risk. Historically, the [[incidence]] of lung cancer is significantly higher among [[Male|males]] compared to [[Female|females]]. This increased ratio is thought to be attributed to the increased rates of [[smoking]] among [[Male|men]]. However, more [[Female|women]] are being [[Diagnosis|diagnosed]] with lung cancer due to the increased rate of [[smoking]] among [[Female|women]]. In 2014, the [[incidence]] of [[lung cancer]] in the United States was approximately 70 cases per 100,000.


==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
===Incidence===
*In 2014, the [[incidence]] of [[lung cancer]] in the US alone was approximately 70 cases per 100,000.<ref name="SiegelMa2014">{{cite journal|last1=Siegel|first1=Rebecca|last2=Ma|first2=Jiemin|last3=Zou|first3=Zhaohui|last4=Jemal|first4=Ahmedin|title=Cancer statistics, 2014|journal=CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians|volume=64|issue=1|year=2014|pages=9–29|issn=00079235|doi=10.3322/caac.21208}}</ref>
*Being the most common cancer diagnosed worldwide, it accounted for 2.1 million new cases in 2018.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer|title=|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
*In 2015, the US State Kentucky recorded the highest [[incidence rate]] in both men (105.6 per 100,000) and women (77.5 per 100,000) in the country.
*In 2015, the US State Utah recorded the lowest [[incidence rate]] in both men (29.6 per 100,000) and women (22.1 per 100,000) in the country.
===Prevalence===
===Prevalence===
*In the United States, the age-adjusted prevalence of cancer of the lungs and bronchus is estimated to be 100 per 100,000.<ref name=SEER>Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
*In the United States, the age-adjusted [[prevalence]] of [[cancer]] of the [[lungs]] and [[bronchus]] is estimated to be 100 per 100,000.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
*The prevalence of lung cancer significantly increases among smokers and individuals with chronic exposure to risk factors for lung cancer.
*The [[prevalence]] of lung cancer significantly increases among [[Smoking|smokers]] and individuals with [[Chronic (medical)|chronic]] exposure to [[risk factors]] for lung cancer.
 
===Mortality rate===
 
* Being the most common [[cancer]] [[Diagnosis|diagnosed]] worldwide, lung cancer is responsible for 1.8 million deaths in 2018.<ref name=":0" />


===Incidence===
* The [[American Cancer Society]] estimates that approximately 142,670 individuals will die of lung cancer in the US in the year 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cancer.org|title=|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
*In 2014 the incidence of [[lung cancer]] was approximately 70 cases per 100,000.<ref name="SiegelMa2014">{{cite journal|last1=Siegel|first1=Rebecca|last2=Ma|first2=Jiemin|last3=Zou|first3=Zhaohui|last4=Jemal|first4=Ahmedin|title=Cancer statistics, 2014|journal=CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians|volume=64|issue=1|year=2014|pages=9–29|issn=00079235|doi=10.3322/caac.21208}}</ref>
* The [[mortality rate]] for men is 46.7 per 100,000 individuals.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lung.org|title=|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data_access/cmf.htm|title=|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
*According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke.
* The [[mortality rate]] for women is 31.9 per 100,000 individuals.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
*Each year more people die of lung cancer than breast, colon, and prostate cancers combined.
*It is unclear whether the increased incidence of lung cancer is due to increased cancers or improved cancer detection (e.g. screening techniques)


===Age===
===Age===
* Lung cancer is more common in older adults. It is rare in people under age 45.
* While the overall age adjusted incidence of cancer of the lungs and bronchus in the United States between 2007 and 2011 is 60 per 100,000, the age-adjusted incidence of lung cancer by age category is:<ref name=SEER>Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
** Under 65 years: 18.1 per 100,000
** 65 and over: 349.9 per 100,000


===Gender===
* Lung cancer is more common in older [[Adult|adults]]. It is rare in people under age of 45 years.
*Males are thought to be more predisposed to the development of lung cancer. This gender discrepancy is often attributed to the historically increased rate of smoking among males compared to females.
* While the overall age adjusted [[incidence]] of cancer of the [[lungs]] and [[bronchus]] in the United States between 2007 and 2011 is 60 per 100,000, the age-adjusted [[incidence]] of lung cancer by age category is:<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
*The male to female ratio for the incidence of lung cancer is approximately 1.4 to 1.<ref name=SEER>Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
**'''Under 65 years:''' 18.1 per 100,000
**'''65 and over:''' 349.9 per 100,000


===Race===
===Race===
* In the United States, the age-adjusted prevalence of cancer of the lungs and bronchus by race in 2011 is:<ref name=SEER>Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
** Black: 70-95 per 100,000
** White: 50-70 per 100,000
** Asian/Pacific islander: 40-50 per 100,000
** Hispanic: 30-40 per 100,000


Shown below is an image depicting the incidence of cancer of the lungs and bronchus by race in the United States between 1975 and 2011.<ref name=SEER>Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref><br><br>
* In the United States, the age-adjusted [[prevalence]] of cancer of the [[lungs]] and [[bronchus]] by race in 2011 was:<ref name="SEER" />
[[Image:Incidence of cancer of the lungs and bronchus by race in the United States.png]]
**'''Black:''' 70 - 95 per 100,000
**'''White:''' 50 - 70 per 100,000
**'''Asian/Pacific islander:''' 40 - 50 per 100,000
**'''Hispanic:''' 30 - 40 per 100,000
 
===Gender===
*[[Male|Males]] are thought to be more [[Predisposition|predisposed]] to the development of lung cancer. This gender discrepancy is often attributed to the historically increased rate of [[smoking]] among [[Male|males]] compared to [[Female|females]].
*The [[male]] to [[female]] ratio for the [[incidence]] of lung cancer is approximately 1.4 to 1.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>


===Developing Countries===
===Developing Countries===
*The incidence of lung cancer is lower in developing countries than in developed countries. It is unknown whether this decreased incidence is due to decreased cancer rates or decreased detection rates.<ref>{{cite web | title =Gender in lung cancer and smoking research | publisher =World Health Organization | date =2004 | url =http://www.who.int/gender/documents/en/lungcancerlow.pdf| format = PDF | accessdate =2007-05-26 }}</ref>
*The [[incidence]] of lung cancer is lower in the developing countries. It is unknown whether this decreased [[incidence]] is due to decreased [[cancer]] rates or decreased detection rates.<ref>{{cite web | title =Gender in lung cancer and smoking research | publisher =World Health Organization | date =2004 | url =http://www.who.int/gender/documents/en/lungcancerlow.pdf| format = PDF | accessdate =2007-05-26 }}</ref>
*Eastern Europe has the highest lung cancer mortality among men
*Eastern Europe has the highest lung cancer [[mortality]] among [[Male|men]].


===Developed Countries===
===Developed Countries===
*Western Europe and the U.S. have the highest incidence of lung cancer and the highest mortality among women.
*Western Europe and the U.S. have the highest [[incidence]] of lung cancer and the highest [[mortality]] among women.


==References==
==References==
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Kim-Son H. Nguyen M.D. Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]; Rim Halaby, M.D. [3]; Assistant Editor(s)-In-Chief: Michael Maddaleni, B.S.

Overview

Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-associated mortality and the second most common type of cancer among both genders. Individuals > 50 years of age who have a history of smoking are at increased risk. Historically, the incidence of lung cancer is significantly higher among males compared to females. This increased ratio is thought to be attributed to the increased rates of smoking among men. However, more women are being diagnosed with lung cancer due to the increased rate of smoking among women. In 2014, the incidence of lung cancer in the United States was approximately 70 cases per 100,000.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Incidence

  • In 2014, the incidence of lung cancer in the US alone was approximately 70 cases per 100,000.[1]
  • Being the most common cancer diagnosed worldwide, it accounted for 2.1 million new cases in 2018.[2]
  • In 2015, the US State Kentucky recorded the highest incidence rate in both men (105.6 per 100,000) and women (77.5 per 100,000) in the country.
  • In 2015, the US State Utah recorded the lowest incidence rate in both men (29.6 per 100,000) and women (22.1 per 100,000) in the country.

Prevalence

Mortality rate

  • Being the most common cancer diagnosed worldwide, lung cancer is responsible for 1.8 million deaths in 2018.[2]

Age

  • Lung cancer is more common in older adults. It is rare in people under age of 45 years.
  • While the overall age adjusted incidence of cancer of the lungs and bronchus in the United States between 2007 and 2011 is 60 per 100,000, the age-adjusted incidence of lung cancer by age category is:[3]
    • Under 65 years: 18.1 per 100,000
    • 65 and over: 349.9 per 100,000

Race

  • In the United States, the age-adjusted prevalence of cancer of the lungs and bronchus by race in 2011 was:[3]
    • Black: 70 - 95 per 100,000
    • White: 50 - 70 per 100,000
    • Asian/Pacific islander: 40 - 50 per 100,000
    • Hispanic: 30 - 40 per 100,000

Gender

  • Males are thought to be more predisposed to the development of lung cancer. This gender discrepancy is often attributed to the historically increased rate of smoking among males compared to females.
  • The male to female ratio for the incidence of lung cancer is approximately 1.4 to 1.[3]

Developing Countries

  • The incidence of lung cancer is lower in the developing countries. It is unknown whether this decreased incidence is due to decreased cancer rates or decreased detection rates.[7]
  • Eastern Europe has the highest lung cancer mortality among men.

Developed Countries

  • Western Europe and the U.S. have the highest incidence of lung cancer and the highest mortality among women.

References

  1. ↑ Siegel, Rebecca; Ma, Jiemin; Zou, Zhaohui; Jemal, Ahmedin (2014). "Cancer statistics, 2014". CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 64 (1): 9–29. doi:10.3322/caac.21208. ISSN 0007-9235.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.
  4. ↑ https://www.cancer.org. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 https://www.lung.org. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data_access/cmf.htm. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. ↑ "Gender in lung cancer and smoking research" (PDF). World Health Organization. 2004. Retrieved 2007-05-26.

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