Leukemia: Difference between revisions

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* Fever
* Fever
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| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Rare
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Rare
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Mild and asymptomatic
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Mild and asymptomatic
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* Fatal within weeks or months if left untreated
* Fatal within weeks or months if left untreated
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! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia]]
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia]]<ref name="pmid30302234">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sawalha Y, Advani AS |title=Management of older adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: challenges & current approaches |journal=Int J Hematol Oncol |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=IJH02 |date=March 2018 |pmid=30302234 |pmc=6176956 |doi=10.2217/ijh-2017-0023 |url=}}</ref>
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* Arrest of  [[lymphoblasts]]
* Arrest of  [[lymphoblasts]]
* Chromosomal translocations: t(9;22) , t(12;21), t(5;14), t(1;19)
* Chromosomal translocations: t(9;22) , t(12;21), t(5;14), t(1;19)
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* The most common form of cancer in children
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* History of cancer
* History of cancer
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* Musculoskeletal pain
* [[Dyspnea]]
* [[Dyspnea]]
* [[Stridor]]
* [[Pallor]]
* [[Pallor]]
* [[Papilledema]]
* [[Papilledema]]
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* [[Cranial nerve palsy]]
* [[Cranial nerve palsy]]
* [[Testicle|Testicular]] enlargement  
* [[Testicle|Testicular]] enlargement  
* Mediastinal mass
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* [[Eosinophilia]]
* Anemia
* [[Lymphocytosis]]
* [[Thrombocytopenia]]   
* [[Thrombocytopenia]]   
* Normal or slightly increased WBC counts 
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* Lymphoblasts
* Atypical cells
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* Bone marrow biopsy
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Revision as of 16:49, 13 November 2018

Template:DiseaseDisorder infobox

Leukemia Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Classification

AML
CML
ALL
CLL

Differentiating Leukemia from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Prognosis

For patient information click here

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [2], Usama Talib, BSc, MD [3]

Synonyms and keywords: Leukaemia

Overview

Leukemia (Greek leukos, “white”; haima, “blood”) could be defined as a group of hematopoietic stem cell malignancies due to genetic abnormalities that may lead to clonal proliferation of these cells. These group of diseases are classified based on type of hematopoietic stem cell involvement and duration of disease. The leukemias are the most common malignancies among children younger than 15 years. Among them, ALL is the most common leukemia accounts for 77% of childhood leukemia. However, CLL is the most common form of leukemia in adults, it accounts for 30% of all leukemias in the United states. The increased rate of proliferation and decreased rate of apoptosis in this progeny of cells may compromise normal bone marrow function and ultimately marrow failure. Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, laboratory findings, and therapy are different according to the type of malignancy.

Classification

Leukemia may be classified as follows:

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Leukemia
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Lymphoid progeny
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Myeloid progeny
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
 
 
 
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
 
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
 
 
 
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)




Differentiating Leukemia from other Diseases

Leukemia must be differentiated from various diseases that cause weight loss, night sweats, hepatosplenomegaly, and palpable lymph nodes, such as hairy cell leukaemia, prolymphocytic leukaemia, follicular lymphoma, and mantle cell lymphoma. Based on the expression of cell surface markers, the table below differentiates different types of leukemia from other diseases that cause similar clinical presentations:[1]

Disease Etiology Clinical Manifestation Laboratory Findings Imaging Gold standard diagnosis Associated findings
Demography History Symptoms Signs
Constitutional symptoms Weight Bleeding Abdominal Pain Vital sign Jaundice LAP Hepatosplenomegaly Other CBC BMP LFT PT/PTT ALP U/A Histopathology
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)[2][3]
  • Clonal proliferation of malignant myeloid blast cells in the marrow
  • Genetic abnormalities t(8;21), inv(16), and t(15;17)
  • Smoking, previous chemotherapy or radiation therapy, myelodysplastic syndrome, and exposure to the chemical benzene
  • Fatigue
+ -
  • Fever
- Rare Mild and asymptomatic
  • Bone tenderness
  • Dyspnea
  • Leukemia cutis
  • Swelling of the gums
  • Chloroma
  • Leukemic blasts
  • Positive Aur rods
  • Flow cytometry > 20% blasts of myeloid lineage
  • Persistent or frequent infections
  • Fatal within weeks or months if left untreated
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia[4]
  • Arrest of lymphoblasts
  • Chromosomal translocations: t(9;22) , t(12;21), t(5;14), t(1;19)
  • The most common form of cancer in children
  • History of cancer
  • History of drug exposure
+ -
  • Fever
- + +
  • Lymphoblasts
  • Atypical cells
  • Bone marrow biopsy
Chronic myelogenous leukemia
  • Myeloproliferative expansion of pluripotent stem cells
  • t(9;22)
  • Early satiety
+ +
  • Hyperviscosity
  • Papilledema
  • Venous obstruction
  • WBC counts 300,000-600,000 cells/μL
  • Elevated alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
CLL
  • Review family history for members with positive history of the disease
  • Review occupational history related to farming
  • Review any exposure to herbicides or insecticides
Hairy cell leukemia
Mast cell leukemia
Large granular lymphocytic leukemia​
Chronic neutrophilic leukemia
Chronic eosinophilic leukemia
Chronic monocytic leukemia
Prolymphocytic leukemia (PLL)
T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia (TLGL)
Aggressive NK-cell leukemia (ANKL)
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL)
Sezary syndrome
Myelodysplastic syndrome
Myeloproliferative disorders
Leukemoid reaction

Epidemiology and Demographics

Prevalence

  • In the United States, the age-adjusted prevalence of leukemia is 75.3 per 100,000 in 2011.[5]

Incidence

  • The delay-adjusted incidence of leukemia in 2011 was estimated to be 15.48 per 100,000 persons in the United States.[5]
  • In 2011, the age-adjusted incidence of leukemia was 13.66 per 100,000 persons in the United States.[5]

Age

  • The overall age-adjusted incidence of leukemia in the United States between 2007 and 2011 is 13 per 100,000, the age-adjusted incidence of leukemia by age category is:[5]
    • Under 65 years: 6.5 per 100,000
    • 65 and over: 57.9 per 100,000
  • Shown below is a table depicting the overall age-adjusted incidence of leukemia per 100,000 individuals by age in the United States between 2007 and 2011 for the different types of leukemia.[5]
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia Chronic lymphocytic leukemia Acute myeloid leukemia Chronic myeloid leukemia
All ages 1.7 4.4 3.8 1.7
<65 1.7 1.4 1.8 0.9
≥65 1.6 25.2 17.5 6.8

Gender

  • In the United States, the age-adjusted prevalence of leukemia by gender in 2011 is:[5]
    • In males: 92.7 per 100,000
    • In females: 60.7 per 100,000
  • In the United States, the delay-adjusted incidence of leukemia by gender in 2011 is:[5]
    • In males: 19.93 per 100,000 persons
    • In females: 11.89 per 100,000 persons
  • In the United States, the age-adjusted incidence of leukemia by gender on 2011 is:[5]
    • In males: 17.58 per 100,000 persons
    • In females: 10.49 per 100,000 persons
  • Shown below is an image depicting the delay-adjusted incidence and observed incidence of leukemia by gender and race in the United States between 1975 and 2011. These graphs are adapted from SEER: The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program of the National Cancer Institute.[5]

Delay-adjusted incidence and observed incidence of leukemia by gender and race in the United States between 1975 and 2011

Race

  • Shown below is a table depicting the age-adjusted prevalence of leukemia by race in 2011 in the United States.[5]
All Races White Black Asian/Pacific Islander Hispanic
Age-adjusted prevalence 75.3 per 100,000 83.5 per 100,000 45.9 per 100,000 41.2 per 100,000 57.1 per 100,000
  • Shown below is an image depicting the incidence of leukemia by race in the United States between 1975 and 2011.[5]

Incidence of leukemia by race in the United States between 1975 and 2011

API: Asian/Pacific Islander; AI/AN: American Indian/ Alaska Native

Prognosis

5-Year Survival

  • Between 2004 and 2010, the 5-year relative survival of patients with leukemia was 60.3%.[5]
  • When stratified by age, the 5-year relative survival of patients with leukemia was 68.5% and 44.1% for patients <65 and ≥ 65 years of age respectively.[5]
  • Shown below is a table depicting the 5-year relative survival of patients by the type of leukemia in the United States between 2004 and 2010.
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia Chronic lymphocytic leukemia Acute myeloid leukemia Chronic myeloid leukemia
5-year survival 70% 83.5% 25.4% 59.9%

References

  1. Hoffbrand V, Moss P. Essential Haematology. John Wiley & Sons; 2011
  2. Saif A, Kazmi S, Naseem R, Shah H, Butt MO (August 2018). "Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Is That All There Is?". Cureus. 10 (8): e3198. doi:10.7759/cureus.3198. PMID 30410824. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
  3. Estey EH (April 2013). "Acute myeloid leukemia: 2013 update on risk-stratification and management". Am. J. Hematol. 88 (4): 318–27. doi:10.1002/ajh.23404. PMID 23526416.
  4. Sawalha Y, Advani AS (March 2018). "Management of older adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: challenges & current approaches". Int J Hematol Oncol. 7 (1): IJH02. doi:10.2217/ijh-2017-0023. PMC 6176956. PMID 30302234.
  5. 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.