Ischemic stroke history and symptoms: Difference between revisions

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:*[[Septum pellucidum]]
:*[[Septum pellucidum]]
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*Lack of willpower-[[abulia]] <ref name="pmid17940169">{{cite journal| author=den Heijer T, Ruitenberg A, Bakker J, Hertzberger L, Kerkhoff H| title=Neurological picture. Bilateral caudate nucleus infarction associated with variant in circle of Willis. | journal=J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry | year= 2007 | volume= 78 | issue= 11 | pages= 1175 | pmid=17940169 | doi=10.1136/jnnp.2006.112656 | pmc=2117617 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17940169  }} </ref><ref name="pmid2927642">{{cite journal| author=Mendez MF, Adams NL, Lewandowski KS| title=Neurobehavioral changes associated with caudate lesions. | journal=Neurology | year= 1989 | volume= 39 | issue= 3 | pages= 349-54 | pmid=2927642 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2927642  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16510225">{{cite journal| author=Mizuta H, Motomura N| title=Memory dysfunction in caudate infarction caused by Heubner's recurring artery occlusion. | journal=Brain Cogn | year= 2006 | volume= 61 | issue= 2 | pages= 133-8 | pmid=16510225 | doi=10.1016/j.bandc.2005.11.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16510225  }} </ref>
*Lack of will-power-[[abulia]] <ref name="pmid17940169">{{cite journal| author=den Heijer T, Ruitenberg A, Bakker J, Hertzberger L, Kerkhoff H| title=Neurological picture. Bilateral caudate nucleus infarction associated with variant in circle of Willis. | journal=J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry | year= 2007 | volume= 78 | issue= 11 | pages= 1175 | pmid=17940169 | doi=10.1136/jnnp.2006.112656 | pmc=2117617 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17940169  }} </ref><ref name="pmid2927642">{{cite journal| author=Mendez MF, Adams NL, Lewandowski KS| title=Neurobehavioral changes associated with caudate lesions. | journal=Neurology | year= 1989 | volume= 39 | issue= 3 | pages= 349-54 | pmid=2927642 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2927642  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16510225">{{cite journal| author=Mizuta H, Motomura N| title=Memory dysfunction in caudate infarction caused by Heubner's recurring artery occlusion. | journal=Brain Cogn | year= 2006 | volume= 61 | issue= 2 | pages= 133-8 | pmid=16510225 | doi=10.1016/j.bandc.2005.11.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16510225  }} </ref>
*Inability to speak, comprehend or pronounce words or objects-[[aphasia]]  
*Inability to speak, comprehend or pronounce words or objects-[[aphasia]]  
*Difficulty articulating words[[Dysarhtria|Dysarthria]]
*Difficulty articulating words-[[Dysarhtria|dysarthria]]
*Memory impairment<ref name="pmid16510225">{{cite journal| author=Mizuta H, Motomura N| title=Memory dysfunction in caudate infarction caused by Heubner's recurring artery occlusion. | journal=Brain Cogn | year= 2006 | volume= 61 | issue= 2 | pages= 133-8 | pmid=16510225 | doi=10.1016/j.bandc.2005.11.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16510225  }} </ref>
*Memory impairment<ref name="pmid16510225">{{cite journal| author=Mizuta H, Motomura N| title=Memory dysfunction in caudate infarction caused by Heubner's recurring artery occlusion. | journal=Brain Cogn | year= 2006 | volume= 61 | issue= 2 | pages= 133-8 | pmid=16510225 | doi=10.1016/j.bandc.2005.11.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16510225  }} </ref>
*[[Confusion]]
*[[Confusion]]
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*Contralateral left arm and face weakness
*Contralateral left arm and face weakness
*Patient neglects one half of the body [[Hemineglect|Contralateral Hemineglect]]
*Patient neglects one half of the body- [[Hemineglect|contralateral Hemineglect]]
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*Non fluent [[aphasia]] ([[Broca's aphasia]])<ref name="pmid25016386">{{cite journal| author=Fridriksson J, Fillmore P, Guo D, Rorden C| title=Chronic Broca's Aphasia Is Caused by Damage to Broca's and Wernicke's Areas. | journal=Cereb Cortex | year= 2015 | volume= 25 | issue= 12 | pages= 4689-96 | pmid=25016386 | doi=10.1093/cercor/bhu152 | pmc=4669036 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25016386  }} </ref><ref name="pmid4062622">{{cite journal| author=Henderson VW| title=Lesion localization in Broca's aphasia. Implications from Broca's aphasia without hemiparesis. | journal=Arch Neurol | year= 1985 | volume= 42 | issue= 12 | pages= 1210-2 | pmid=4062622 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4062622  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9577663">{{cite journal| author=Soma Y| title=[Cerebrovascular disorder and the language areas]. | journal=Rinsho Shinkeigaku | year= 1997 | volume= 37 | issue= 12 | pages= 1117-9 | pmid=9577663 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9577663  }} </ref>
*Non fluent [[aphasia]] ([[Broca's aphasia]])<ref name="pmid25016386">{{cite journal| author=Fridriksson J, Fillmore P, Guo D, Rorden C| title=Chronic Broca's Aphasia Is Caused by Damage to Broca's and Wernicke's Areas. | journal=Cereb Cortex | year= 2015 | volume= 25 | issue= 12 | pages= 4689-96 | pmid=25016386 | doi=10.1093/cercor/bhu152 | pmc=4669036 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25016386  }} </ref><ref name="pmid4062622">{{cite journal| author=Henderson VW| title=Lesion localization in Broca's aphasia. Implications from Broca's aphasia without hemiparesis. | journal=Arch Neurol | year= 1985 | volume= 42 | issue= 12 | pages= 1210-2 | pmid=4062622 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4062622  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9577663">{{cite journal| author=Soma Y| title=[Cerebrovascular disorder and the language areas]. | journal=Rinsho Shinkeigaku | year= 1997 | volume= 37 | issue= 12 | pages= 1117-9 | pmid=9577663 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9577663  }} </ref>
*Fluent [[aphasia]] ([[Wernicke's]] aphasia)<ref name="pmid9577663">{{cite journal| author=Soma Y| title=[Cerebrovascular disorder and the language areas]. | journal=Rinsho Shinkeigaku | year= 1997 | volume= 37 | issue= 12 | pages= 1117-9 | pmid=9577663 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9577663  }} </ref>
*Fluent [[aphasia]] ([[Wernicke's]] aphasia)<ref name="pmid9577663">{{cite journal| author=Soma Y| title=[Cerebrovascular disorder and the language areas]. | journal=Rinsho Shinkeigaku | year= 1997 | volume= 37 | issue= 12 | pages= 1117-9 | pmid=9577663 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9577663  }} </ref>
*Contralateral [[homonymous hemianopsia]]
*Contralateral visual field defect
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*Ataxic hemiparesis  
*Ataxic hemiparesis  
*Mixed sensorimotor stroke  
*Mixed sensorimotor stroke  
*Dysarthria clumsy hand syndrome  
*[[Dysarthria]] clumsy hand syndrome  
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| rowspan="2" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[Posterior cerebral artery]]<ref name="pmid10773642">{{cite journal| author=Brandt T, Steinke W, Thie A, Pessin MS, Caplan LR| title=Posterior cerebral artery territory infarcts: clinical features, infarct topography, causes and outcome. Multicenter results and a review of the literature. | journal=Cerebrovasc Dis | year= 2000 | volume= 10 | issue= 3 | pages= 170-82 | pmid=10773642 | doi=16053 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10773642  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22377879">{{cite journal| author=Cereda C, Carrera E| title=Posterior cerebral artery territory infarctions. | journal=Front Neurol Neurosci | year= 2012 | volume= 30 | issue=  | pages= 128-31 | pmid=22377879 | doi=10.1159/000333610 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22377879  }} </ref><ref name="pmid10404984">{{cite journal| author=Yamamoto Y, Georgiadis AL, Chang HM, Caplan LR| title=Posterior cerebral artery territory infarcts in the New England Medical Center Posterior Circulation Registry. | journal=Arch Neurol | year= 1999 | volume= 56 | issue= 7 | pages= 824-32 | pmid=10404984 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10404984  }} </ref>'''
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[Posterior cerebral artery]]<ref name="pmid10773642">{{cite journal| author=Brandt T, Steinke W, Thie A, Pessin MS, Caplan LR| title=Posterior cerebral artery territory infarcts: clinical features, infarct topography, causes and outcome. Multicenter results and a review of the literature. | journal=Cerebrovasc Dis | year= 2000 | volume= 10 | issue= 3 | pages= 170-82 | pmid=10773642 | doi=16053 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10773642  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22377879">{{cite journal| author=Cereda C, Carrera E| title=Posterior cerebral artery territory infarctions. | journal=Front Neurol Neurosci | year= 2012 | volume= 30 | issue=  | pages= 128-31 | pmid=22377879 | doi=10.1159/000333610 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22377879  }} </ref><ref name="pmid10404984">{{cite journal| author=Yamamoto Y, Georgiadis AL, Chang HM, Caplan LR| title=Posterior cerebral artery territory infarcts in the New England Medical Center Posterior Circulation Registry. | journal=Arch Neurol | year= 1999 | volume= 56 | issue= 7 | pages= 824-32 | pmid=10404984 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10404984  }} </ref>'''
Line 99: Line 99:
*Contralateral left [[homonymous hemianopsia]]<ref name="pmid10773642">{{cite journal| author=Brandt T, Steinke W, Thie A, Pessin MS, Caplan LR| title=Posterior cerebral artery territory infarcts: clinical features, infarct topography, causes and outcome. Multicenter results and a review of the literature. | journal=Cerebrovasc Dis | year= 2000 | volume= 10 | issue= 3 | pages= 170-82 | pmid=10773642 | doi=16053 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10773642  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3606035">{{cite journal| author=Pessin MS, Lathi ES, Cohen MB, Kwan ES, Hedges TR, Caplan LR| title=Clinical features and mechanism of occipital infarction. | journal=Ann Neurol | year= 1987 | volume= 21 | issue= 3 | pages= 290-9 | pmid=3606035 | doi=10.1002/ana.410210311 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3606035  }} </ref>
*Contralateral left [[homonymous hemianopsia]]<ref name="pmid10773642">{{cite journal| author=Brandt T, Steinke W, Thie A, Pessin MS, Caplan LR| title=Posterior cerebral artery territory infarcts: clinical features, infarct topography, causes and outcome. Multicenter results and a review of the literature. | journal=Cerebrovasc Dis | year= 2000 | volume= 10 | issue= 3 | pages= 170-82 | pmid=10773642 | doi=16053 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10773642  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3606035">{{cite journal| author=Pessin MS, Lathi ES, Cohen MB, Kwan ES, Hedges TR, Caplan LR| title=Clinical features and mechanism of occipital infarction. | journal=Ann Neurol | year= 1987 | volume= 21 | issue= 3 | pages= 290-9 | pmid=3606035 | doi=10.1002/ana.410210311 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3606035  }} </ref>
*[[Cortical blindness]]
*[[Cortical blindness]]
*[[Visual agnosia]]
*Patient can see but cannot perceive visual information-[[Visual agnosia]]
*Complex hallucinations
*Complex hallucinations
*[[Prosopagnosia]]<ref name="pmid7199655">{{cite journal| author=Damasio AR, Damasio H, Van Hoesen GW| title=Prosopagnosia: anatomic basis and behavioral mechanisms. | journal=Neurology | year= 1982 | volume= 32 | issue= 4 | pages= 331-41 | pmid=7199655 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7199655  }} </ref>
*Inability to recognize familiar faces-[[Prosopagnosia]]<ref name="pmid7199655">{{cite journal| author=Damasio AR, Damasio H, Van Hoesen GW| title=Prosopagnosia: anatomic basis and behavioral mechanisms. | journal=Neurology | year= 1982 | volume= 32 | issue= 4 | pages= 331-41 | pmid=7199655 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7199655  }} </ref>
*[[Anomic aphasia]]
*Inability to remember names of objects-[[Anomic aphasia]]
'''Left PCA<ref name="pmid3742339">{{cite journal| author=Fisher CM| title=The posterior cerebral artery syndrome. | journal=Can J Neurol Sci | year= 1986 | volume= 13 | issue= 3 | pages= 232-9 | pmid=3742339 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3742339  }} </ref><ref name="pmid10404984">{{cite journal| author=Yamamoto Y, Georgiadis AL, Chang HM, Caplan LR| title=Posterior cerebral artery territory infarcts in the New England Medical Center Posterior Circulation Registry. | journal=Arch Neurol | year= 1999 | volume= 56 | issue= 7 | pages= 824-32 | pmid=10404984 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10404984  }} </ref><ref name="pmid4434176">{{cite journal| author=Caplan LR, Hedley-Whyte T| title=Cuing and memory dysfunction in alexia without agraphia. A case report. | journal=Brain | year= 1974 | volume= 97 | issue= 2 | pages= 251-62 | pmid=4434176 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4434176  }} </ref>'''
'''Left PCA<ref name="pmid3742339">{{cite journal| author=Fisher CM| title=The posterior cerebral artery syndrome. | journal=Can J Neurol Sci | year= 1986 | volume= 13 | issue= 3 | pages= 232-9 | pmid=3742339 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3742339  }} </ref><ref name="pmid10404984">{{cite journal| author=Yamamoto Y, Georgiadis AL, Chang HM, Caplan LR| title=Posterior cerebral artery territory infarcts in the New England Medical Center Posterior Circulation Registry. | journal=Arch Neurol | year= 1999 | volume= 56 | issue= 7 | pages= 824-32 | pmid=10404984 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10404984  }} </ref><ref name="pmid4434176">{{cite journal| author=Caplan LR, Hedley-Whyte T| title=Cuing and memory dysfunction in alexia without agraphia. A case report. | journal=Brain | year= 1974 | volume= 97 | issue= 2 | pages= 251-62 | pmid=4434176 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4434176  }} </ref>'''
*[[Alexia]] without [[agraphia]]<ref name="pmid4434176">{{cite journal| author=Caplan LR, Hedley-Whyte T| title=Cuing and memory dysfunction in alexia without agraphia. A case report. | journal=Brain | year= 1974 | volume= 97 | issue= 2 | pages= 251-62 | pmid=4434176 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4434176  }} </ref><ref name="pmid5945970">{{cite journal| author=Geschwind N, Fusillo M| title=Color-naming defects in association with alexia. | journal=Arch Neurol | year= 1966 | volume= 15 | issue= 2 | pages= 137-46 | pmid=5945970 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5945970  }} </ref><ref name="pmid5945970">{{cite journal| author=Geschwind N, Fusillo M| title=Color-naming defects in association with alexia. | journal=Arch Neurol | year= 1966 | volume= 15 | issue= 2 | pages= 137-46 | pmid=5945970 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5945970  }} </ref>
*Inability to read-[[Alexia]] without losing ability to write-[[agraphia]]<ref name="pmid4434176">{{cite journal| author=Caplan LR, Hedley-Whyte T| title=Cuing and memory dysfunction in alexia without agraphia. A case report. | journal=Brain | year= 1974 | volume= 97 | issue= 2 | pages= 251-62 | pmid=4434176 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4434176  }} </ref><ref name="pmid5945970">{{cite journal| author=Geschwind N, Fusillo M| title=Color-naming defects in association with alexia. | journal=Arch Neurol | year= 1966 | volume= 15 | issue= 2 | pages= 137-46 | pmid=5945970 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5945970  }} </ref><ref name="pmid5945970">{{cite journal| author=Geschwind N, Fusillo M| title=Color-naming defects in association with alexia. | journal=Arch Neurol | year= 1966 | volume= 15 | issue= 2 | pages= 137-46 | pmid=5945970 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5945970  }} </ref>
*[[Homonymous hemianopsia|Contralateral right homonymous hemianopsia]]<ref name="pmid3606035">{{cite journal| author=Pessin MS, Lathi ES, Cohen MB, Kwan ES, Hedges TR, Caplan LR| title=Clinical features and mechanism of occipital infarction. | journal=Ann Neurol | year= 1987 | volume= 21 | issue= 3 | pages= 290-9 | pmid=3606035 | doi=10.1002/ana.410210311 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3606035  }} </ref>
*[[Homonymous hemianopsia|Contralateral right homonymous hemianopsia]]<ref name="pmid3606035">{{cite journal| author=Pessin MS, Lathi ES, Cohen MB, Kwan ES, Hedges TR, Caplan LR| title=Clinical features and mechanism of occipital infarction. | journal=Ann Neurol | year= 1987 | volume= 21 | issue= 3 | pages= 290-9 | pmid=3606035 | doi=10.1002/ana.410210311 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3606035  }} </ref>
*[[Gerstmann syndrome]]<ref name="pmid4434176">{{cite journal| author=Caplan LR, Hedley-Whyte T| title=Cuing and memory dysfunction in alexia without agraphia. A case report. | journal=Brain | year= 1974 | volume= 97 | issue= 2 | pages= 251-62 | pmid=4434176 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4434176  }} </ref>
*Inability to do calculations or arithmetic problems-[[Gerstmann syndrome]]<ref name="pmid4434176">{{cite journal| author=Caplan LR, Hedley-Whyte T| title=Cuing and memory dysfunction in alexia without agraphia. A case report. | journal=Brain | year= 1974 | volume= 97 | issue= 2 | pages= 251-62 | pmid=4434176 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4434176  }} </ref>
*[[Cortical blindness]]
*[[Cortical blindness]]
*[[Visual agnosia]]
*Inability to remember names of objects
*Memory deficit
*Memory deficit
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'''Ganglionic branches<ref name="pmid22377879">{{cite journal| author=Cereda C, Carrera E| title=Posterior cerebral artery territory infarctions. | journal=Front Neurol Neurosci | year= 2012 | volume= 30 | issue=  | pages= 128-31 | pmid=22377879 | doi=10.1159/000333610 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22377879  }} </ref>'''  
'''Ganglionic branches<ref name="pmid22377879">{{cite journal| author=Cereda C, Carrera E| title=Posterior cerebral artery territory infarctions. | journal=Front Neurol Neurosci | year= 2012 | volume= 30 | issue=  | pages= 128-31 | pmid=22377879 | doi=10.1159/000333610 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22377879  }} </ref>'''  
:*[[Thalamus]] <ref name="pmid22377879">{{cite journal| author=Cereda C, Carrera E| title=Posterior cerebral artery territory infarctions. | journal=Front Neurol Neurosci | year= 2012 | volume= 30 | issue=  | pages= 128-31 | pmid=22377879 | doi=10.1159/000333610 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22377879  }} </ref>
:*[[Thalamus|'''Thalamus''']] <ref name="pmid22377879">{{cite journal| author=Cereda C, Carrera E| title=Posterior cerebral artery territory infarctions. | journal=Front Neurol Neurosci | year= 2012 | volume= 30 | issue=  | pages= 128-31 | pmid=22377879 | doi=10.1159/000333610 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22377879  }} </ref>
:*[[Subthalamus]]  
:*[[Subthalamus|'''Subthalamus''']]  
:*[[Midbrain]]
:*[[Midbrain|'''Midbrain''']]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*Hemisensory loss<ref name="pmid1640235">{{cite journal| author=Melo TP, Bogousslavsky J| title=Hemiataxia-hypesthesia: a thalamic stroke syndrome. | journal=J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry | year= 1992 | volume= 55 | issue= 7 | pages= 581-4 | pmid=1640235 | doi= | pmc=489170 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1640235  }} </ref>
*Hemisensory loss<ref name="pmid1640235">{{cite journal| author=Melo TP, Bogousslavsky J| title=Hemiataxia-hypesthesia: a thalamic stroke syndrome. | journal=J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry | year= 1992 | volume= 55 | issue= 7 | pages= 581-4 | pmid=1640235 | doi= | pmc=489170 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1640235  }} </ref>
*[[Hemiparesis|Contralateral hemiparesis]]<ref name="pmid1640235">{{cite journal| author=Melo TP, Bogousslavsky J| title=Hemiataxia-hypesthesia: a thalamic stroke syndrome. | journal=J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry | year= 1992 | volume= 55 | issue= 7 | pages= 581-4 | pmid=1640235 | doi= | pmc=489170 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1640235  }} </ref>  
*[[Hemiparesis|Contralateral]] motor weakness of the body<ref name="pmid1640235">{{cite journal| author=Melo TP, Bogousslavsky J| title=Hemiataxia-hypesthesia: a thalamic stroke syndrome. | journal=J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry | year= 1992 | volume= 55 | issue= 7 | pages= 581-4 | pmid=1640235 | doi= | pmc=489170 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1640235  }} </ref>  
*Thalamic pain syndrome <ref name="pmid22377879">{{cite journal| author=Cereda C, Carrera E| title=Posterior cerebral artery territory infarctions. | journal=Front Neurol Neurosci | year= 2012 | volume= 30 | issue=  | pages= 128-31 | pmid=22377879 | doi=10.1159/000333610 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22377879  }} </ref>
*Thalamic pain syndrome <ref name="pmid22377879">{{cite journal| author=Cereda C, Carrera E| title=Posterior cerebral artery territory infarctions. | journal=Front Neurol Neurosci | year= 2012 | volume= 30 | issue=  | pages= 128-31 | pmid=22377879 | doi=10.1159/000333610 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22377879  }} </ref>
*[[Hemiballismus]]  
*[[Hemiballismus]]  
*[[Oculomotor nerve palsy|Occulomotor nerve palsy]]  
*Affected eye moves down and out-[[Oculomotor nerve palsy|occulomotor nerve]]
*Intention [[Tremor|tremors]]  
*Increased shaking of hands when trying to perform a task-intention [[Tremor|tremors]]  
|-
|-
| rowspan="6" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''Vertebrobasilar artery<ref name="pmid10926972">{{cite journal| author=Caplan L| title=Posterior circulation ischemia: then, now, and tomorrow. The Thomas Willis Lecture-2000. | journal=Stroke | year= 2000 | volume= 31 | issue= 8 | pages= 2011-23 | pmid=10926972 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10926972  }} </ref>'''
| rowspan="6" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''Vertebrobasilar artery<ref name="pmid10926972">{{cite journal| author=Caplan L| title=Posterior circulation ischemia: then, now, and tomorrow. The Thomas Willis Lecture-2000. | journal=Stroke | year= 2000 | volume= 31 | issue= 8 | pages= 2011-23 | pmid=10926972 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10926972  }} </ref>'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*[[Midbrain]]
*[[Midbrain|'''Midbrain''']]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*[[Weber syndrome]]<ref name="pmid24778625">{{cite journal| author=Nouh A, Remke J, Ruland S| title=Ischemic posterior circulation stroke: a review of anatomy, clinical presentations, diagnosis, and current management. | journal=Front Neurol | year= 2014 | volume= 5 | issue=  | pages= 30 | pmid=24778625 | doi=10.3389/fneur.2014.00030 | pmc=3985033 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24778625  }}</ref>
*[[Weber syndrome|'''Weber syndrome''']]<ref name="pmid24778625">{{cite journal| author=Nouh A, Remke J, Ruland S| title=Ischemic posterior circulation stroke: a review of anatomy, clinical presentations, diagnosis, and current management. | journal=Front Neurol | year= 2014 | volume= 5 | issue=  | pages= 30 | pmid=24778625 | doi=10.3389/fneur.2014.00030 | pmc=3985033 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24778625  }}</ref>
*Third nerve palsy-affected eye moves down and out
*Contralateral muscle weakness
*Contralateral sensory loss
|-
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*[[Medulla]]
*[[Medulla|'''Medulla''']]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*[[Lateral medullary syndrome]]<ref name="pmid10926972">{{cite journal| author=Caplan L| title=Posterior circulation ischemia: then, now, and tomorrow. The Thomas Willis Lecture-2000. | journal=Stroke | year= 2000 | volume= 31 | issue= 8 | pages= 2011-23 | pmid=10926972 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10926972  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8503798">{{cite journal| author=Sacco RL, Freddo L, Bello JA, Odel JG, Onesti ST, Mohr JP| title=Wallenberg's lateral medullary syndrome. Clinical-magnetic resonance imaging correlations. | journal=Arch Neurol | year= 1993 | volume= 50 | issue= 6 | pages= 609-14 | pmid=8503798 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8503798  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22346215">{{cite journal| author=Shetty SR, Anusha R, Thomas PS, Babu SG| title=Wallenberg's syndrome. | journal=J Neurosci Rural Pract | year= 2012 | volume= 3 | issue= 1 | pages= 100-2 | pmid=22346215 | doi=10.4103/0976-3147.91980 | pmc=3271596 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22346215  }} </ref>
*[[Lateral medullary syndrome|'''Lateral medullary syndrome''']]<ref name="pmid10926972">{{cite journal| author=Caplan L| title=Posterior circulation ischemia: then, now, and tomorrow. The Thomas Willis Lecture-2000. | journal=Stroke | year= 2000 | volume= 31 | issue= 8 | pages= 2011-23 | pmid=10926972 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10926972  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8503798">{{cite journal| author=Sacco RL, Freddo L, Bello JA, Odel JG, Onesti ST, Mohr JP| title=Wallenberg's lateral medullary syndrome. Clinical-magnetic resonance imaging correlations. | journal=Arch Neurol | year= 1993 | volume= 50 | issue= 6 | pages= 609-14 | pmid=8503798 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8503798  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22346215">{{cite journal| author=Shetty SR, Anusha R, Thomas PS, Babu SG| title=Wallenberg's syndrome. | journal=J Neurosci Rural Pract | year= 2012 | volume= 3 | issue= 1 | pages= 100-2 | pmid=22346215 | doi=10.4103/0976-3147.91980 | pmc=3271596 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22346215  }} </ref>
*[[Medial medullary syndrome]]<ref name="pmid10926972">{{cite journal| author=Caplan L| title=Posterior circulation ischemia: then, now, and tomorrow. The Thomas Willis Lecture-2000. | journal=Stroke | year= 2000 | volume= 31 | issue= 8 | pages= 2011-23 | pmid=10926972 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10926972  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7660396">{{cite journal| author=Kim JS, Kim HG, Chung CS| title=Medial medullary syndrome. Report of 18 new patients and a review of the literature. | journal=Stroke | year= 1995 | volume= 26 | issue= 9 | pages= 1548-52 | pmid=7660396 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7660396  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22787495">{{cite journal| author=Kim K, Lee HS, Jung YH, Kim YD, Nam HS, Nam CM et al.| title=Mechanism of medullary infarction based on arterial territory involvement. | journal=J Clin Neurol | year= 2012 | volume= 8 | issue= 2 | pages= 116-22 | pmid=22787495 | doi=10.3988/jcn.2012.8.2.116 | pmc=3391616 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22787495  }} </ref>
*Hoarseness of voice-Glossopharngeal nerve
*Pain during swallowing-[[Vagus nerve]]
*Difficulty swallowing-[[Vagus nerve]]
*Choking when drinking or eating
*Loss of pain and temperature sensation on contralateral side of the body
*Ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation on the face
*[[Medial medullary syndrome|'''Medial medullary syndrome''']]<ref name="pmid10926972">{{cite journal| author=Caplan L| title=Posterior circulation ischemia: then, now, and tomorrow. The Thomas Willis Lecture-2000. | journal=Stroke | year= 2000 | volume= 31 | issue= 8 | pages= 2011-23 | pmid=10926972 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10926972  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7660396">{{cite journal| author=Kim JS, Kim HG, Chung CS| title=Medial medullary syndrome. Report of 18 new patients and a review of the literature. | journal=Stroke | year= 1995 | volume= 26 | issue= 9 | pages= 1548-52 | pmid=7660396 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7660396  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22787495">{{cite journal| author=Kim K, Lee HS, Jung YH, Kim YD, Nam HS, Nam CM et al.| title=Mechanism of medullary infarction based on arterial territory involvement. | journal=J Clin Neurol | year= 2012 | volume= 8 | issue= 2 | pages= 116-22 | pmid=22787495 | doi=10.3988/jcn.2012.8.2.116 | pmc=3391616 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22787495  }} </ref>
*Tongue deviates to the side of lesion-[[hypoglossal nerve]]
*Weakness of the limbs on the contralateral (opposite) side
*Loss of discriminative touch sensation on the contralateral side
*
*
|-
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*[[Pons]]
*[[Pons|'''Pons''']]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Medial pontine syndrome]]
*[[Locked-in syndrome ]]<ref name="pmid3738962">{{cite journal| author=Patterson JR, Grabois M| title=Locked-in syndrome: a review of 139 cases. | journal=Stroke | year= 1986 | volume= 17 | issue= 4 | pages= 758-64 | pmid=3738962 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3738962  }} </ref><ref name="pmid4810896">{{cite journal| author=Karp JS, Hurtig HI| title="Locked-in" state with bilateral midbrain infarcts. | journal=Arch Neurol | year= 1974 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 176-8 | pmid=4810896 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4810896  }} </ref>
*Contralateral muscle weakness
*Contralateral sensory loss
*Affected eye may move medially and downwards-[[Abducens nerve|abducent nerve]] involvement
 
[[Lateral pontine syndrome]]
* Weakness of facial muscles-[[facial nerve]] involvement
* Ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation from the face
* [[Nausea]]
* [[Vomiting]]
* [[Vertigo]]
|-
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*[[Cerebellum]]<ref name="pmid10926972">{{cite journal| author=Caplan L| title=Posterior circulation ischemia: then, now, and tomorrow. The Thomas Willis Lecture-2000. | journal=Stroke | year= 2000 | volume= 31 | issue= 8 | pages= 2011-23 | pmid=10926972 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10926972  }} </ref><ref name="pmid2535662">{{cite journal| author=Amarenco P, Hauw JJ| title=[Anatomy of the cerebellar arteries]. | journal=Rev Neurol (Paris) | year= 1989 | volume= 145 | issue= 4 | pages= 267-76 | pmid=2535662 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2535662  }} </ref>
*[[Cerebellum]]<ref name="pmid2535662">{{cite journal| author=Amarenco P, Hauw JJ| title=[Anatomy of the cerebellar arteries]. | journal=Rev Neurol (Paris) | year= 1989 | volume= 145 | issue= 4 | pages= 267-76 | pmid=2535662 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2535662  }} </ref>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*Difficulty maintaining balance
*Difficulty maintaining balance

Revision as of 17:37, 22 November 2016

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aysha Anwar, M.B.B.S[2]

Overview

Past history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, TIA and amaurosis fugax and prosthetic valves may help determine the underlying cause. The symptoms of an ischemic stroke vary widely depending on the site and blood supply of the area involved.[1][2][3][4][5][6]

History and Symptoms

Past history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, TIA and amaurosis fugax and prosthetic valves may help determine the underlying cause. The symptoms of an ischemic stroke vary widely depending on the site and blood supply of the area involved:

Vessel involved Site of infarction History and symptoms
Anterior cerebral artery [1][2]
  • Rare

Superficial branch

Right ACA[1][2]

  • Left sided motor weakness- contralateral lower limb
  • Left sided sensory loss-contralateral lower limb
  • Patient unaware of other half of the body-hemineglect [2]
  • Behavioral abnormalities
  • Urinary incontinence

Left ACA[1][7]

  • Right sided motor weakness- contralateral lower limb
  • Right sided sensory loss-contralateral lower limb
  • Halting and effortful speech[2]
  • Mutism
  • Disorganized thinking
  • Urinary incontinence
  • Behavioral abnormalities

Deep branches (medial lenticulostriate, Heubner's artery)[8][9]

Middle cerebral artery[3]
  • Most common site of infarction
  • Right superficial division (RSD)
  • Motor cortex (left head,neck and arm)
  • Sensory cortex (left head, trunk and arm)
  • Left superficial division (LSD)

Classical lacunar syndromes[16][17][18]

  • Pure motor stroke
  • Pure sensory stroke
  • Ataxic hemiparesis
  • Mixed sensorimotor stroke
  • Dysarthria clumsy hand syndrome
Posterior cerebral artery[4][5][6]

Cortical branches[4]'

Right PCA[20]

Left PCA[20][6][22]

Ganglionic branches[5]

Vertebrobasilar artery[25]
  • Weber syndrome[26]
  • Third nerve palsy-affected eye moves down and out
  • Contralateral muscle weakness
  • Contralateral sensory loss
Medial pontine syndrome
  • Contralateral muscle weakness
  • Contralateral sensory loss
  • Affected eye may move medially and downwards-abducent nerve involvement

Lateral pontine syndrome

  • Difficulty maintaining balance
  • Vertigo
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Tremors
  • Thalamus
  • Central pain syndrome
  • Occipital cortex
  • Visual deficit

Blood supply of brain

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Nagaratnam N, Davies D, Chen E (1998). "Clinical effects of anterior cerebral artery infarction". J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 7 (6): 391–7. PMID 17895117.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Kumral E, Bayulkem G, Evyapan D, Yunten N (2002). "Spectrum of anterior cerebral artery territory infarction: clinical and MRI findings". Eur J Neurol. 9 (6): 615–24. PMID 12453077.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lemieux F, Lanthier S, Chevrier MC, Gioia L, Rouleau I, Cereda C; et al. (2012). "Insular ischemic stroke: clinical presentation and outcome". Cerebrovasc Dis Extra. 2 (1): 80–7. doi:10.1159/000343177. PMC 3492997. PMID 23139684.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Brandt T, Steinke W, Thie A, Pessin MS, Caplan LR (2000). "Posterior cerebral artery territory infarcts: clinical features, infarct topography, causes and outcome. Multicenter results and a review of the literature". Cerebrovasc Dis. 10 (3): 170–82. doi:16053 Check |doi= value (help). PMID 10773642.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Cereda C, Carrera E (2012). "Posterior cerebral artery territory infarctions". Front Neurol Neurosci. 30: 128–31. doi:10.1159/000333610. PMID 22377879.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Yamamoto Y, Georgiadis AL, Chang HM, Caplan LR (1999). "Posterior cerebral artery territory infarcts in the New England Medical Center Posterior Circulation Registry". Arch Neurol. 56 (7): 824–32. PMID 10404984.
  7. ↑ Alexander MP, Schmitt MA (1980). "The aphasia syndrome of stroke in the left anterior cerebral artery territory". Arch Neurol. 37 (2): 97–100. PMID 7356415.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 den Heijer T, Ruitenberg A, Bakker J, Hertzberger L, Kerkhoff H (2007). "Neurological picture. Bilateral caudate nucleus infarction associated with variant in circle of Willis". J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 78 (11): 1175. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2006.112656. PMC 2117617. PMID 17940169.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Mendez MF, Adams NL, Lewandowski KS (1989). "Neurobehavioral changes associated with caudate lesions". Neurology. 39 (3): 349–54. PMID 2927642.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Mizuta H, Motomura N (2006). "Memory dysfunction in caudate infarction caused by Heubner's recurring artery occlusion". Brain Cogn. 61 (2): 133–8. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2005.11.002. PMID 16510225.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Fridriksson J, Fillmore P, Guo D, Rorden C (2015). "Chronic Broca's Aphasia Is Caused by Damage to Broca's and Wernicke's Areas". Cereb Cortex. 25 (12): 4689–96. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhu152. PMC 4669036. PMID 25016386.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Henderson VW (1985). "Lesion localization in Broca's aphasia. Implications from Broca's aphasia without hemiparesis". Arch Neurol. 42 (12): 1210–2. PMID 4062622.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Soma Y (1997). "[Cerebrovascular disorder and the language areas]". Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 37 (12): 1117–9. PMID 9577663.
  14. ↑ Bang OY, Heo JH, Kim JY, Park JH, Huh K (2002). "Middle cerebral artery stenosis is a major clinical determinant in striatocapsular small, deep infarction". Arch Neurol. 59 (2): 259–63. PMID 11843697.
  15. ↑ Ghika J, Bogousslavsky J, Regli F (1991). "Infarcts in the territory of lenticulostriate branches from the middle cerebral artery. Etiological factors and clinical features in 65 cases". Schweiz Arch Neurol Psychiatr (1985). 142 (1): 5–18. PMID 1709298.
  16. ↑ Arboix A, Martí-Vilalta JL (2009). "Lacunar stroke". Expert Rev Neurother. 9 (2): 179–96. doi:10.1586/14737175.9.2.179. PMID 19210194.
  17. ↑ Melo TP, Bogousslavsky J, van Melle G, Regli F (1992). "Pure motor stroke: a reappraisal". Neurology. 42 (4): 789–95. PMID 1565233.
  18. ↑ Tei H, Uchiyama S, Maruyama S (1993). "Capsular infarcts: location, size and etiology of pure motor hemiparesis, sensorimotor stroke and ataxic hemiparesis". Acta Neurol Scand. 88 (4): 264–8. PMID 8256570.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Pessin MS, Lathi ES, Cohen MB, Kwan ES, Hedges TR, Caplan LR (1987). "Clinical features and mechanism of occipital infarction". Ann Neurol. 21 (3): 290–9. doi:10.1002/ana.410210311. PMID 3606035.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Fisher CM (1986). "The posterior cerebral artery syndrome". Can J Neurol Sci. 13 (3): 232–9. PMID 3742339.
  21. ↑ Damasio AR, Damasio H, Van Hoesen GW (1982). "Prosopagnosia: anatomic basis and behavioral mechanisms". Neurology. 32 (4): 331–41. PMID 7199655.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Caplan LR, Hedley-Whyte T (1974). "Cuing and memory dysfunction in alexia without agraphia. A case report". Brain. 97 (2): 251–62. PMID 4434176.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Geschwind N, Fusillo M (1966). "Color-naming defects in association with alexia". Arch Neurol. 15 (2): 137–46. PMID 5945970.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Melo TP, Bogousslavsky J (1992). "Hemiataxia-hypesthesia: a thalamic stroke syndrome". J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 55 (7): 581–4. PMC 489170. PMID 1640235.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Caplan L (2000). "Posterior circulation ischemia: then, now, and tomorrow. The Thomas Willis Lecture-2000". Stroke. 31 (8): 2011–23. PMID 10926972.
  26. ↑ Nouh A, Remke J, Ruland S (2014). "Ischemic posterior circulation stroke: a review of anatomy, clinical presentations, diagnosis, and current management". Front Neurol. 5: 30. doi:10.3389/fneur.2014.00030. PMC 3985033. PMID 24778625.
  27. ↑ Sacco RL, Freddo L, Bello JA, Odel JG, Onesti ST, Mohr JP (1993). "Wallenberg's lateral medullary syndrome. Clinical-magnetic resonance imaging correlations". Arch Neurol. 50 (6): 609–14. PMID 8503798.
  28. ↑ Shetty SR, Anusha R, Thomas PS, Babu SG (2012). "Wallenberg's syndrome". J Neurosci Rural Pract. 3 (1): 100–2. doi:10.4103/0976-3147.91980. PMC 3271596. PMID 22346215.
  29. ↑ Kim JS, Kim HG, Chung CS (1995). "Medial medullary syndrome. Report of 18 new patients and a review of the literature". Stroke. 26 (9): 1548–52. PMID 7660396.
  30. ↑ Kim K, Lee HS, Jung YH, Kim YD, Nam HS, Nam CM; et al. (2012). "Mechanism of medullary infarction based on arterial territory involvement". J Clin Neurol. 8 (2): 116–22. doi:10.3988/jcn.2012.8.2.116. PMC 3391616. PMID 22787495.
  31. ↑ Amarenco P, Hauw JJ (1989). "[Anatomy of the cerebellar arteries]". Rev Neurol (Paris). 145 (4): 267–76. PMID 2535662.

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