Influenza resident survival guide: Difference between revisions
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{{SI}} | {{SI}} | ||
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{ | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{MRV}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
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{{familytree | A01 | | A01=<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 35em; padding:1em;"> '''Characterize the symptoms:''' <br> | {{familytree | A01 | | A01=<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 35em; padding:1em;"> '''Characterize the symptoms:''' <br> | ||
❑ [[Fever]] <br> | ❑ [[Fever]] <br> | ||
:❑ Abrupt onset | :❑ Abrupt onset <br> | ||
:❑ Ranges from 37.8 to 40.0°C, but it can get as high as 41.1°C (106°F) | :❑ Ranges from 37.8 to 40.0°C, but it can get as high as 41.1°C (106°F) <br> | ||
:❑ Associated with chills | :❑ Associated with [[chills]] <br> | ||
❑ [[Headache]] <br> | ❑ [[Headache]] <br> | ||
❑ [[Cough]] <br> | ❑ [[Cough]] <br> | ||
:❑ Non-productive | :❑ Non-productive <br> | ||
❑ [[Myalgia]] <br> | ❑ [[Myalgia]] <br> | ||
❑ [[Chills]] <br> | ❑ [[Chills]] <br> | ||
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❑ [[Nasal congestion]] <br> | ❑ [[Nasal congestion]] <br> | ||
❑ [[Sore throat]]<br> | ❑ [[Sore throat]]<br> | ||
❑ [[Fatigue]] | ❑ [[Fatigue]] <br> | ||
❑ [[Pleuritic chest pain]] | ❑ [[Pleuritic chest pain]] <br> | ||
❑ [[Malaise]] | ❑ [[Malaise]] <br> | ||
Less common symptoms: | Less common symptoms: <br> | ||
❑ [[Vomiting]] <br> | ❑ [[Vomiting]] <br> | ||
❑ [[Diarrhoea]] <br> | ❑ [[Diarrhoea]] <br> | ||
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❑ [[Loss of appetite]] <br> | ❑ [[Loss of appetite]] <br> | ||
❑ [[Dizziness]]<br> | ❑ [[Dizziness]]<br> | ||
❑ [[Weakness]] | ❑ [[Weakness]] <br> | ||
</div>}} | </div>}} | ||
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---- | ---- | ||
'''Identify persons who are at high risk of complications from Influenza:'''<br> | '''Identify persons who are at high risk of complications from Influenza:'''<br> | ||
❑ Children aged younger than 2 years | ❑ Children aged younger than 2 years <br> | ||
❑ Adults aged 65 years and older | ❑ Adults aged 65 years and older <br> | ||
❑ Persons with the following comorbidities: | ❑ Persons with the following comorbidities: <br> | ||
:❑ Chronic [[pulmonary]] disorders (including [[asthma]]) | :❑ Chronic [[pulmonary]] disorders (including [[asthma]]) <br> | ||
:❑ [[Cardiovascular]] disorders(except [[hypertension]] alone) | :❑ [[Cardiovascular]] disorders(except [[hypertension]] alone) <br> | ||
:❑ [[Renal]], [[hepatic]], [[hematological]] (including [[sickle cell disease]]) or metabolic disorders (including [[diabetes mellitus]]) | :❑ [[Renal]], [[hepatic]], [[hematological]] (including [[sickle cell disease]]) or metabolic disorders (including [[diabetes mellitus]]) <br> | ||
:❑ Neurologic and neurodevelopment conditions (including disorders of the [[brain]], [[spinal cord]], [[peripheral nerve]], and [[muscle]] such as [[cerebral palsy]], [[epilepsy]], [[stroke]], [[intellectual disability]] ([[mental retardation]]), moderate to severe developmental delay, [[muscular dystrophy]], or [[spinal cord injury]]) | :❑ Neurologic and neurodevelopment conditions (including disorders of the [[brain]], [[spinal cord]], [[peripheral nerve]], and [[muscle]] such as [[cerebral palsy]], [[epilepsy]], [[stroke]], [[intellectual disability]] ([[mental retardation]]), moderate to severe developmental delay, [[muscular dystrophy]], or [[spinal cord injury]]) <br> | ||
❑ Persons with [[immunosuppression]], including that caused by medications or by [[HIV]] infection | ❑ Persons with [[immunosuppression]], including that caused by medications or by [[HIV]] infection <br> | ||
❑ Women who are [[pregnant]] or [[postpartum]] (within 2 weeks after delivery) | ❑ Women who are [[pregnant]] or [[postpartum]] (within 2 weeks after delivery) <br> | ||
❑ Children and adolescents through 18 years who are receiving [[aspirin]]- or salicylate-containing medications and who might be at risk for experiencing [[Reye syndrome]] after [[influenza]] virus infection | ❑ Children and adolescents through 18 years who are receiving [[aspirin]]- or salicylate-containing medications and who might be at risk for experiencing [[Reye syndrome]] after [[influenza]] virus infection <br> | ||
❑ American Indians/Alaska Natives | ❑ American Indians/Alaska Natives <br> | ||
❑ Persons who are morbidly [[obese]] (BMI ≥40 kg/m2) | ❑ Persons who are morbidly [[obese]] (BMI ≥40 kg/m2) <br> | ||
❑ Residents of nursing homes and other chronic-care facilities.<br> | ❑ Residents of nursing homes and other chronic-care facilities.<br> | ||
</div>}} | </div>}} | ||
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{{familytree | C01 | | C01=<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 35em; padding:1em;">'''Examine the patient:''' <br> | {{familytree | C01 | | C01=<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 35em; padding:1em;">'''Examine the patient:''' <br> | ||
'''Appearance''' | '''Appearance''' <br> | ||
❑ [[Fatigue]] | ❑ [[Fatigue]] <br> | ||
'''Vital signs''' <br> | '''Vital signs''' <br> | ||
❑ [[Fever]] | ❑ [[Fever]] <br> | ||
:❑(100-104° F) | :❑(100-104° F) <br> | ||
❑ [[Heart rate]] <br> | ❑ [[Heart rate]] <br> | ||
:❑ [[Tachycardia]] | :❑ [[Tachycardia]] <br> | ||
❑ [[Respiratory rate]] <br> | ❑ [[Respiratory rate]] <br> | ||
:❑ [[Tachypnea]] <br> | :❑ [[Tachypnea]] <br> | ||
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❑ [[Flushing]] may be present <br> | ❑ [[Flushing]] may be present <br> | ||
❑ [[Rash]] may be present <br> | ❑ [[Rash]] may be present <br> | ||
❑ [[Increased sweating | ❑ [[Increased sweating]] <br> | ||
'''Eyes''' <br> | '''Eyes''' <br> | ||
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'''Nose''' <br> | '''Nose''' <br> | ||
❑ Nasal congestion <br> | ❑ [[Nasal congestion]] <br> | ||
❑ Runny nose <br> | ❑ [[Rhinorrhea|Runny nose]] <br> | ||
'''Throat''' <br> | '''Throat''' <br> | ||
❑ Erythema and inflammation may be present <br> | ❑ [[Erythema]] and [[inflammation]] may be present <br> | ||
❑ Pharyngitis <br> | ❑ [[Pharyngitis]] <br> | ||
'''Lungs''' <br> | '''Lungs''' <br> | ||
❑ Usually, lung examination is normal <br> | ❑ Usually, lung examination is normal <br> | ||
❑ Findings of severe disease include: | ❑ Findings of severe disease include: <br> | ||
:❑ [[Dry cough]] | :❑ [[Dry cough]] <br> | ||
:❑ [[Rales]] | :❑ [[Rales]] <br> | ||
:❑ Focal [[wheezing]] <br> | :❑ Focal [[wheezing]] <br> | ||
Revision as of 18:23, 27 August 2020
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mounika Reddy Vadiyala, M.B.B.S.[2]
Overview
Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is an infectious disease caused by the RNA virus called the influenza viruses A and B.
Causes
Common Causes
Complete Diagnostic Approach
Characterize the symptoms: ❑ Fever
❑ Myalgia Less common symptoms: | |||||||||
Obtain a detailed history: ❑ Age Identify persons who are at high risk of complications from Influenza:
❑ Persons with immunosuppression, including that caused by medications or by HIV infection | |||||||||
Examine the patient: Appearance Vital signs
Skin Eyes Nose Throat Lungs | |||||||||
Management
Symptomatic Relief
Symptom(s) | OTC Medicine |
---|---|
Fever, Aches, Pains, Sinus pressure, Sore throat | Analgesics |
Nasal congestion, Sinus pressure | Decongestants |
Sinus pressure, Runny nose, Watery eyes, Cough | Antihistamines |
Cough | Cough suppressant |
Sore throat | Local anesthetics |
Do's and Dont's
- Children and teenagers with flu symptoms (particularly fever) should avoid taking aspirin as taking aspirin in the presence of influenza infection (especially Influenzavirus B) can lead to Reye's syndrome, a rare but potentially fatal disease of the liver.[2]
References
- ↑ "Cold and Flu Guidelines: Influenza". American Lung Association. Retrieved 2007-09-16.
- ↑ Molotsky, Irvin (1986-02-15). "Consumer Saturday - Warning on Flu and Aspirin". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-05-25.