Hepatitis D: Difference between revisions

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VisualWikitext

Latest revision as of 22:06, 29 July 2020

This page is about clinical aspects of the disease. For microbiologic aspects of the causative organism(s), see Hepatitis D Virus.

For patient information click here

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S. [2]; João André Alves Silva, M.D. [3]; Jolanta Marszalek, M.D. [4]

Synonyms and keywords: Hepatitis delta virus; hepatitis D virus; HDV; Delta Hepatitis; HDV infection; Hep D; Hep d

Overview

Historical Perspective

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Hepatitis D from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Treatment

Medical Therapy | Surgery | Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies

Related Chapters

External links

World Health Organization Fact sheet on Hepatitis D

Template:Baltimore classification Template:Viral diseases

Template:WH Template:WS

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{CMG}}
+__NOTOC__
+{{About1|Hepatitis D Virus}}
-{{EH}}
+'''For patient information click [[Hepatitis D(patient information)|here]]'''
+{{Hepatitis D}}
+{{CMG}}; {{AOEIC}} {{VK}}; {{JS}}; {{JM}}
-==Overview==
+{{SK}} Hepatitis delta virus; hepatitis D virus; HDV; Delta Hepatitis; HDV infection; Hep D; Hep d
-{{DiseaseDisorder infobox |
+==[[Hepatitis D overview|Overview]]==
-  Name = Hepatitis D|
-  MeshID = D003699
-}}
-{{Taxobox
-| virus_group = v
-| genus  = '''''Deltavirus'''''
-| species  = '''''Hepatitis delta virus'''''
-}}
-{{Search infobox}}
-'''Hepatitis D''' is a [[disease]] caused by a small circular [[RNA virus]] ('''Hepatitis delta virus''' or '''hepatitis D virus''', '''HDV'''). HDV is considered to be a [[Satellite (biology)|subviral satellite]] because it can propagate only in the presence of another virus, the [[Hepatitis B|hepatitis B virus (HBV)]]. Transmission of HDV can occur either via simultaneous infection with HBV ([[coinfection]]) or via infection of an individual previously infected with HBV ([[superinfection]]). Both superinfection and coinfection with HDV results in more severe complications compared to infection with HBV alone. These complications include a greater likelihood of experiencing liver failure in acute infections and a greater likelihood of developing liver cancer in chronic infections. In combination with hepatitis B virus, hepatitis D has the highest mortality rate of all the hepatitis infections of 20%.
-== Genome structure and similarities to viroids ==
-The HDV genome exists as a negative sense, single-stranded, closed circular [[RNA]]. Because of a nucleotide sequence that is 70% self-complementary, the HDV genome forms a partially double stranded RNA structure that is described as rod-like. With a genome of approximately 1700 nucleotides, HDV is the smallest "virus" known to infect animals. However, it has been proposed that HDV may have originated from a class of plant viruses called [[viroids]]. Evidence in support of this hypothesis stems from the fact that both HDV and viroids exist as single-stranded, closed circular [[RNA]]s that have rod-like structures. Likewise, both HDV and viroids contain [[RNA]] sequences that can assume catalytically active structures called [[ribozyme]]s. During viral replication, these catalytic [[RNA]]s are required in order to produce unit length copies of the genome from longer [[RNA]] concatamers. Finally, neither HDV nor viroids encode their own polymerase. Instead, replication of HDV and viroids requires a host polymerase that can utilize [[RNA]] as a template. Based on indirect evidence, [[RNA]] polymerase II has been implicated in the replication of HDV. Normally [[RNA]] polymerase II utilizes [[DNA]] as a template and produces [[mRNA]]. Consequently, if HDV indeed utilizes [[RNA]] polymerase II during replication, it would be the only known pathogen capable of converting a [[DNA]] dependent polymerase into an [[RNA]] dependent polymerase.
+==[[Hepatitis D historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==
-[[Image:Liver 1.jpg|thumbnail|center|400px|[[cirrhosis|Cirrhosis of the liver]] and [[hepatocellular carcinoma|liver cancer]] may ensue from Hepatitis D.]]
+==[[Hepatitis D pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==
-== The Delta Antigens ==
+==[[Hepatitis D causes|Causes]]==
-A significant difference between viroids and HDV is that, while viroids produce no proteins, HDV produces two proteins called the small and large delta antigens (HDAg-S and HDAg-L, respectively). These two proteins are produced from a single open reading frame. They are identical for 195 amino acids and differ only by the presence of an additional 19 amino acids at the C-terminus of HDAg-L. Despite having 90% identical sequences, these two proteins play diverging roles during the course of an infection. HDAg-S is produced in the early stages of an infection and is required for viral replication. HDAg-L, in contrast, is produced during the later stages of an infection, acts as an inhibitor of viral replication, and is required for assembly of viral particles.
+==[[Hepatitis D differential diagnosis|Differentiating Hepatitis D from other Diseases]]==
-== Risk Factors ==
+==[[Hepatitis D epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==
-*Injection drug users
-*Men who have sex with men
+==[[Hepatitis D risk factors|Risk Factors]]==
-*Hemodialysis patients
-*Sex contacts of infected persons
+==[[Hepatitis D screening|Screening]]==
-Health care and public safety workers
-Infants born to infected mothers (very rare) [http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/d/fact.htm]
+==[[Hepatitis D natural history|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==
+==Diagnosis==
+[[Hepatitis D history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Hepatitis D physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Hepatitis D laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Hepatitis D CT|CT]] | [[Hepatitis D MRI|MRI]] | [[Hepatitis D ultrasound|Ultrasound]] | [[Hepatitis D other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]
+==Treatment==
+[[Hepatitis D medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Hepatitis D surgery|Surgery]] | [[Hepatitis D prevention|Prevention]] | [[Hepatitis D cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Hepatitis D future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]
+==Related Chapters==
+* [[Hepatitis A]]
+* [[Hepatitis B]]
+* [[Hepatitis C]]
+* [[Hepatitis E]]
+* [[Hepatitis F]]
+* [[Hepatitis G]]
 ==External links==
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 <br>
-{{SIB}}
 {{viruses}}
+{{WH}}
+{{WS}}
 [[Category:Hepatitis|D]]
 [[Category:Viruses]]
+[[Category:Mature chapter]]
-[[de:Hepatitis D]]
+[[Category:Disease]]
-[[es:Hepatitis D]]
+[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
-[[it:Epatite virale D]]
+[[Category:Emergency mdicine]]
-[[ja:D型肝炎]]
+[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
-[[pl:Wirus zapalenia wątroby typu D]]
+[[Category:Infectious disease]]
-[[ru:Гепатит D]]
+[[Category:Hepatology]]
-[[zh:丁型肝炎]]
-{{WH}}
-{{WS}}