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| Name = Hashimoto's thyroiditis | | | Name = Hashimoto's thyroiditis | |
| Image = Hashimoto 4er.png | | | Image = Hashimoto 4er.png | |
| Caption = Histology | | | Caption = Histology of Hashimoto's thyroiditis | |
| DiseasesDB = 5649 |
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| ICD10 = {{ICD10|E|06|3|e|00}} |
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| ICD9 = {{ICD9|245.2}} |
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| ICDO = |
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| OMIM = 140300 |
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| MedlinePlus = |
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| MeshID = D050031 |
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| }} | | }} |
| {{Hashimoto's thyroiditis}} | | {{Hashimoto's thyroiditis}} |
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| '''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]''' | | '''For patient information click [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis (patient information)|here]]''' |
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| {{CMG}} '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' {{CZ}} | | {{CMG}} {{AE}} {{MMF}} {{DD}} {{CZ}} |
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| ''Synonyms and Related Keywords:'' Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis; autoimmune thyroiditis; struma lymphomatosa
| | {{SK}} Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, Autoimmune thyroiditis, Struma lymphomatosa, Lymphadenoid goiter, Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis. |
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| ==Overview== | | ==[[Hashimoto's thyroiditis overview|Overview]]== |
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| '''Hashimoto's thyroiditis''' or '''chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis''' is an [[autoimmune disease]] where the body's own [[antibody|antibodies]] attack the [[cell (biology)|cell]]s of the [[thyroid]].
| | ==[[Hashimoto's thyroiditis historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
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| ==Historical Perspective== | | ==[[Hashimoto's thyroiditis classification|Classification]]== |
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| Also known as '''Hashimoto's disease''', Hashimoto's thyroiditis is named after the Japanese physician [[Hashimoto Hakaru]] (1881−1934) of the medical school at Kyushu University,<ref>{{WhoNamedIt|doctor|1974|Hakaru Hashimoto}}</ref> who first described (He described four patients with a chronic disorder of the thyroid, which he termed struma lymphomatosa.
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| The thyroid glands of these patients were characterized by diffuse lymphocytic infiltration, fibrosis, parenchymal atrophy, and an eosinophilic change in some of the acinar cells) the symptoms in 1912 in a German publication <ref>H. Hashimoto: ''Zur Kenntnis der lymphomatösen Veränderung der Schilddrüse (Struma lymphomatosa).'' Archiv für klinische Chirurgie, Berlin, 1912, 97: 219−248.</ref>.
| | ==[[Hashimoto's thyroiditis pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
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| == Pathophysiology== | | ==[[Hashimoto's thyroiditis causes|Causes]]== |
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| Hashimoto's thyroiditis is characterized by Iymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid gland and production of antibodies that recognize thyroid-specific antigens. It is currently thought that the disease is caused by abnormal suppressor T-lymphocyte function which results in a localized cell-mediated immune response directed toward the thyroid parenchymal cells. The pathogenesis is not completely understood (In contrast Graves' disease is caused by production of antibodies that mimic the action of thyroid-stimulating hormone, and nutritional goiter is caused by iodine deficiency). | | ==[[Differentiating Hashimoto's thyroiditis from other diseases|Differentiating Hashimoto's thyroiditis from other Diseases]]== |
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| The gland is usually diffusely enlarged, firm, and slightly lobular. The capsule is intact, and the cut surface is light tan and has a slight lobular pattern. Microscopically there is massive infiltration of the thyroid gland by lymphocytes and plasma cells. Germinal centers can often be seen in the gland. Thyroid follicles are usually absent and the few remaining follicles are devoid of colloid.
| | ==[[Hashimoto's thyroiditis epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
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| === Genetics === | | ==[[Hashimoto's thyroiditis risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
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| A family history of thyroid disorders is common, with the '''HLA-DR5''' gene most strongly implicated conferring a [[relative risk]] of 3 in the UK.The genes implicated vary in different ethnic groups and the incidence is increased in patients with chromosomal disorders, including [[Turner syndrome|Turner]], [[Down syndrome|Down's]], and [[Klinefelter's syndrome]]s.
| | ==[[Hashimoto's thyroiditis screening|Screening]]== |
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| === Associated Conditions=== | | ==[[Hashimoto's thyroiditis natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis]]== |
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| Hashimoto's disease may, in rare cases, be associated with other endocrine disorders caused by the immune system. Hashimoto's disease can occur with adrenal insufficiency and type 1 diabetes. In these cases, the condition is called type 2 polyglandular autoimmune syndrome (PGA II). | | ==Diagnosis== |
| | [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis diagnostic criteria|Diagnostic Criteria]] | [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Hashiomoto's thyroiditis chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis CT|CT]] | [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis MRI|MRI]] | [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis echocardiography or ultrasound|Echocardiography or Ultrasound]] | [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
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| Less commonly, Hashimoto's disease occurs as part of a condition called type 1 polyglandular autoimmune syndrome (PGA I), along with:
| | ==Treatment== |
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| * [[Adrenal insufficiency]]
| | [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis surgery|Surgery]] | [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis prevention|Prevention]] | [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
| * [[Fungal infection]]s of the mouth and nails
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| * [[Hypoparathyroidism]]
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| ===Gross Pathology===
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| At autopsy, significant [[subarachnoid hemorrhage]] from the ruptured [[berry aneurysm]] was documented. In addition, the [[thyroid gland]] was mildly enlarged and firm. On cut section the tissue was slightly pale.
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| [http://www.peir.net Images courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission © PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology]
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| [[Image:Hashimoto's thyroiditis 1.jpg|left|thumb|400px|A gross photograph of thyroid gland taken at autopsy. The gland is only slightly enlarged and has a firm texture.]]
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| ===Microscopic Pathology===
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| [http://www.peir.net Images courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission © PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology]
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| [[Image:Hashimoto's thyroiditis 2.jpg|left|thumb|400px|This is a low-power photomicrograph of thyroid from this case. Note that the tissue is more cellular than one would expect and there does not appear to be normal colloid-filled blue spaces in this gland.]] | |
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| [[Image:Hashimoto's thyroiditis 3.jpg|left|thumb|400px|This is a higher-power photomicrograph of thyroid from this case. Note the large number of blue-staining inflammatory cells in this tissue. These cells appear to be forming germinal centers. Some residual thyroid gland tissue can be seen in this section (arrows).]] | |
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| [[Image:Hashimoto's thyroiditis 4.jpg|left|thumb|400px|This is another view of thyroid gland filled with inflammatory cells forming germinal centers (arrows).]]
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| [[Image:Hashimoto's thyroiditis 5.jpg|left|thumb|400px|This is a higher-power photomicrograph of thyroid from this case showing the inflammatory cells and the residual thyroid tissue.]] | |
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| [[Image:Hashimoto's thyroiditis 6.jpg|left|thumb|400px|This is another higher-power photomicrograph of thyroid from this case showing the inflammatory cells and the residual thyroid tissue.]]
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| [[Image:Hashimoto's thyroiditis 7.jpg||left|thumb|400px|This is a high-power photomicrograph showing the inflammatory cells infiltrating into the residual thyroid tissue (arrows).]]
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| [[Image:Hashimoto's thyroiditis 8.jpg||left|thumb|400px|This is a high-power photomicrograph showing the lymphocytes and plasma cells surrounding the thyroid gland epithelium. ]] | |
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| [[Image:Hashimoto's thyroiditis 9.jpg||left|thumb|400px|This high-power photomicrograph shows more clearly the lymphocytes and plasma cells surrounding the thyroid gland epithelium. Large, eosinophilic, degenerating thyroid gland cells (Hurthle cells) can be seen in this section (arrows). ]]
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| == Epidemiology and Demographics ==
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| This disorder is believed to be the most common cause of primary hypothyroidism in North America. It occurs far more often in women than in men (10:1 to 20:1), and is most prevalent between 45 and 65 years of age.
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| In European countries an atrophic form of [[autoimmune]] thyroiditis ([[Ord's thyroiditis]]) is more common than Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
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| The disease begins slowly. It may take months or even years for the condition to be detected. Chronic thyroiditis is most common in women and people with a family history of thyroid disease. It affects between 0.1% and 5% of all adults in Western countries.
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| Various autoantibodies may be present against thyroid peroxidase, thyroglobulin and TSH receptors, although a small percentage of patients may have none of these antibodies present.<!-- This is from eMedicine article, see infobox --> A percentage of the population may also have these antibodies without developing Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
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| == Natural History, Complications and Prognosis==
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| If untreated for an extended period, Hashimoto's thyroiditis may lead to muscle failure, including possible heart failure.
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| == Diagnosis ==
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| === Symptoms ===
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| In many cases, Hashimoto's thyroiditis usually results in [[hypothyroidism]], although in its acute phase, it can cause a transient hyperthyroidism [[hyperthyroidism|thyrotoxic]] state known as hashitoxicosis.
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| * Adolescent goiter
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| * Alternating hypo- and hyperthyroidism
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| * Euthyroidism and goiter
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| * Hypothyroidism
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| * Painless thyroiditis or silent thyroiditis
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| * Postpartum painless thyrotoxicosis
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| * Primary thyroid failure
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| * Subclinical hypothyroidism and goiter
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| (In alphabetical order) <ref>Ladenson P, Kim M. Thyroid. In: Goldman L and Ausiello D, eds. ''Goldman: Cecil Medicine''. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa:Saunders; 2007:chap 244.</ref>
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| * Cold intolerance
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| * [[Constipation]]
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| * [[Depression]]
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| * Difficulty concentrating or thinking
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| * [[Dry skin]]
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| * Enlarged neck or presence of [[goiter]]
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| * [[Fatigue]]
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| * [[Hair loss]]
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| * Heavy and irregular periods
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| * [[Hyperthyroidism]] symptoms
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| * [[Hypothyroidism]] symptoms
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| * [[Infertility]]
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| * [[Lethargy]]
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| * [[Mania]]
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| * [[Memory loss]]
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| * [[Migraine]]s
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| * [[Myxedema]]
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| * [[Panic attack]]s
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| * Puffy face
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| * Small or shrunken thyroid gland (late in the disease)
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| * [[Weight gain]]
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| * [[Weight loss]]
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| Other symptoms that can occur with this disease:
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| * Joint stiffness
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| * Swelling of the face
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| === Physical Examination ===
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| ==== Appearance of the Patient ====
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| * [[Myxedema]]
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| ====Vital Signs====
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| * [[Fast pulse]]
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| * [[Low pulse]]
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| ====Skin====
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| * [[Dry skin]]
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| ====Head====
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| * Puffy face
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| ====Throat ====
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| * Enlarged neck or presence of [[goiter]]
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| * Small or shrunken thyroid gland (late in the disease
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| ==== Neurologic ====
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| * Slowed speech
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| * Slowed reflexes
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| === Laboratory Findings ===
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| ==== Electrolyte and Biomarker Studies ====
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| * [[Thyroid-stimulating hormone]] (TSH)
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| * Free T3 and Free T4
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| * Anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (anti-Tg)
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| * Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (anti-TPO)
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| * Anti-microsomal antibodies can help obtain an accurate diagnosis.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Giannini |first1= AJ |authorlink1= |title= The Biological Foundations of Clinical Psychiatry |url= |year= 1986 |publisher= Medical Examination Publishing Company |location= New Hyde Park, NY |language= |isbn= 0-87488-449-7 |oclc= |doi= |id= |page= |pages= 193–198 |quote= |ref= |bibcode= }}</ref> Earlier assessment of the patient may present with elevated levels of thyroglobulin owing to the transient [[thyrotoxicosis]] as inflammation within the thyroid causes damage to the integrity of thyroid follicle storage of thyroglobulin; TSH is concomitantly decreased.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Simmons|first=PJ|coauthors=Dellemarre, FG., Drexhage, HA.|title=Antigen-presenting dendritic cells as regulators of the growth of thyrocytes: a role of interleukin-1beta and interleukin-6|journal=Endocrinology|year=1998|month=July|volume=139|issue=7|pages=3158–3186|pmid=9645688|doi=10.1210/en.139.7.3148}}</ref>
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| * Diagnosis is made by detecting elevated levels of Anti-TPO antibodies in the serum.
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| == Treatment ==
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| === Pharmacotherapy ===
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| ==== Chronic Pharmacotherapies ====
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| [[Hypothyroidism]] caused by Hashimoto's Thyroiditis is treated with thyroid hormone replacement. A small pill taken once a day should be able to keep the thyroid hormone levels normal. This medicine will, in most cases, need to be taken for the rest of the patient's life.
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| ==Case Studies== | | ==Case Studies== |
| | [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis case study one|Case #1]] |
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| ===Case#1===
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| A 49-year-old woman who complained during her yearly [[physical examination]] of [[tiredness]] and difficulty concentrating. She attributed these symptoms to stress at work. She had gained weight over the last year and despite warm weather, she felt chilled without a sweater.
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| [[Family history]] was significant for [[hypothyroidism]] in her mother and older sister. | | [[Category:Medicine]] |
| | [[Category:Endocrinology]] |
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| On [[physical examination]] she had a pulse of 58 bpm and a blood pressure of 138/88 mm Hg. Examination of her neck disclosed a small thyroid gland with a palpable pyramidal lobe and a firm, bosselated texture. Serum taken at this time demonstrated a total T4 of 7.0 mcg/dL and a TSH of 22.0 mcIU/ml.
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| In addition, [[antithyroglobulin antibodies]] were positive at 1:640 and [[antimicrosomal antibodies]] were positive at 1:5120. These results supported the clinical impression of [[hypothyroidism]]; also, the texture of her [[thyroid gland]] and a positive family history suggested an autoimmune etiological factor.
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| She was referred to an endocrinologist for further evaluation; however, before beginning treatment she died suddenly from a ruptured [[berry aneurysm]] of the [[middle cerebral artery]].
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist|2}}
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| {{Autoimmune diseases}}
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| {{Endocrine pathology}}
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| [[Category:Autoimmune diseases]]
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| [[Category:Thyroid disease]]
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| [[Category:Endocrinology]]
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| [[Category:Disease]]
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