Gq alpha subunit: Difference between revisions

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{{protein
{{DISPLAYTITLE:G<sub>q</sub> alpha subunit}}
{{infobox protein
| Name = [[GNAQ|guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), q polypeptide]]
| Name = [[GNAQ|guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), q polypeptide]]
| caption =  
| caption =
| image =  
| image =
| width =  
| width =
| HGNCid = 4390
| HGNCid = 4390
| Symbol = [[GNAQ]]
| Symbol = [[GNAQ]]
| AltSymbols =  
| AltSymbols =
| EntrezGene = 2776
| EntrezGene = 2776
| OMIM = 600998
| OMIM = 600998
| RefSeq = NM_002072
| RefSeq = NM_002072
| UniProt = P50148
| UniProt = P50148
| PDB =  
| PDB =
| ECnumber =  
| ECnumber =
| Chromosome = 9
| Chromosome = 9
| Arm = q
| Arm = q
| Band = 21
| Band = 21
| LocusSupplementaryData =  
| LocusSupplementaryData =
}}
}}
{{protein
{{infobox protein
| Name = guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), alpha 11 (Gq class)
| Name = [[GNA11|guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), alpha 11 (Gq class)]]
| caption =  
| caption =
| image =  
| image =
| width =  
| width =
| HGNCid = 4379
| HGNCid = 4379
| Symbol = GNA11
| Symbol = [[GNA11]]
| AltSymbols =  
| AltSymbols =
| EntrezGene = 2767
| EntrezGene = 2767
| OMIM = 139313
| OMIM = 139313
| RefSeq = NM_002067
| RefSeq = NM_002067
| UniProt = P29992
| UniProt = P29992
| PDB =  
| PDB =
| ECnumber =  
| ECnumber =
| Chromosome = 19
| Chromosome = 19
| Arm = p
| Arm = p
| Band = 13.3
| Band = 13.3
| LocusSupplementaryData =  
| LocusSupplementaryData =
}}
}}
{{protein
{{infobox protein
| Name = guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), alpha 14
| Name = guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), alpha 14
| caption =  
| caption =
| image =  
| image =
| width =  
| width =
| HGNCid = 4382
| HGNCid = 4382
| Symbol = GNA14
| Symbol = GNA14
| AltSymbols =  
| AltSymbols =
| EntrezGene = 9630
| EntrezGene = 9630
| OMIM = 604397
| OMIM = 604397
| RefSeq = NM_004297
| RefSeq = NM_004297
| UniProt = O95837
| UniProt = O95837
| PDB =  
| PDB =
| ECnumber =  
| ECnumber =
| Chromosome = 9
| Chromosome = 9
| Arm = q
| Arm = q
| Band = 21
| Band = 21
| LocusSupplementaryData =  
| LocusSupplementaryData =
}}
}}
{{protein
{{infobox protein
| Name = guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), alpha 15 (Gq class)
| Name = guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), alpha 15 (Gq class)
| caption =  
| caption =
| image =  
| image =
| width =  
| width =
| HGNCid = 4383
| HGNCid = 4383
| Symbol = GNA15
| Symbol = GNA15
| AltSymbols =  
| AltSymbols =
| EntrezGene = 2769
| EntrezGene = 2769
| OMIM = 139314
| OMIM = 139314
| RefSeq = NM_002068
| RefSeq = NM_002068
| UniProt = P30679
| UniProt = P30679
| PDB =  
| PDB =
| ECnumber =  
| ECnumber =
| Chromosome = 19
| Chromosome = 19
| Arm = p
| Arm = p
| Band = 13.3
| Band = 13.3
| LocusSupplementaryData =  
| LocusSupplementaryData =
}}
}}


'''G<sub>q</sub> protein''' ('''G<sub>αq</sub>''', or '''G<sub>q/11</sub>''') is a [[heterotrimeric G protein]] subunit that activates [[phospholipase C]] (PLC). PLC in turn hydrolyzes [[Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate]] (PIP<sub>2</sub>) to [[diacyl glycerol]] (DAG) and [[inositol trisphosphate]] (IP<sub>3</sub>) [[signal transduction]] [[Metabolic pathway|pathway]].  DAG acts as a second messenger that activates [[Protein Kinase C]] (PKC) and IP<sub>3</sub> helps in phosphorylation of some proteins.


==Overview==
== Naming ==
'''G<sub>q</sub> protein''' or '''G<sub>q/11</sub>''' is a [[heterotrimeric G protein]] subunit that activates [[phospholipase C]] (PLC). PLC in turn hydrolizes [[phosphatidylinositol]] (PIP<sub>2</sub>) to [[diacyl glycerol]] (DAG) and [[inositol triphosphate]] (IP<sub>3</sub>) [[signal transduction]] [[Metabolic pathway|pathway]]. DAG acts as a second messenger that activates [[Protein Kinase C]] (PKC) and IP<sub>3</sub> helps in phosphorylation of some proteins.
There has been much debate about the naming of the G<sub>αq</sub>. In the initial identification of the protein, it was named G alpha 42, because it runs at 42 kDa on SDS-PAGE. Although, already identified by Micheal Strathmann and Mel Simon, shared the sequence thus naming it G alpha q. However, the "q" in the name is arbitrarily named and does not stand for anything in particular. This nomenclature came from Micheal Strathmann and Mel Simon after their discovery of the protein class in 1989. Essentially, the q designation comes from the fact that Michael Strathmann couldn't use the front end of the alphabet "because those early letters were already reserved for some classes of subunits, the Gz designation had been taken, and Gx seemed too obvious -- and so Gq." Rumors suggest that Gq was named referencing the style magazine GQ.


==Function==
== Function ==
Gq Proteins are class of [[G proteins]]. G<sub>q</sub> proteins works to activate [[phospholipase C]] (PLC) in which allows it to be involved in many physiological activities, including taste, manic depression, tumor promotion, etc.<ref name="alberts">{{cite book | author = Alberts B,  Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P| title = Molecular biology of the cell | publisher = Garland Science | location = New York | edition = 4<sup>th</sup> Edition | year = 2002 | pages = | isbn = 0-8153-3218-1 | oclc = | doi = }}</ref>


The G<sub>q</sub> protein works by activating PLC.  PLC then cleaves a [[phospholipid]]. In the process, [[phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate]] (PIP2) is cleaved into [[diacyl glycerol]] (DAG) and [[inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate]] (IP<sub>3</sub>). DAG remains on bound to the membrane, and IP<sub>3</sub> is released as a soluble structure into the [[cytosol]]. IP<sub>3</sub> then diffuses through the cytosol to bind to [[Inositol_triphosphate_receptor|IP<sub>3</sub> receptors]], particular [[calcium channel]]s in the [[endoplasmic reticulum]] (ER). These channels are specific to [[calcium]] and only allow the passage ofcalcium to move through. This causes the cytosolic concentration of Calcium to increase, causing a cascade of intracellular changes and activity.<ref name=alberts/>
G<sub>q</sub> proteins are class of [[G proteins]] which work to activate [[Phosphoinositide phospholipase C|phospholipase C]] (PLC), participating in a variety of cellular signaling pathways.<ref name="alberts">{{cite book |vauthors=Alberts B, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P | title = Molecular biology of the cell | publisher = Garland Science | location = New York | edition = 4th | year = 2002 | pages = | isbn = 0-8153-3218-1 | oclc = | doi = }}</ref>


:''Further reading:[[Calcium function in humans]]''
The G<sub>q</sub> protein works by activating PLC.  PLC then cleaves a [[phospholipid]]. In the process, [[phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate]] (PIP2) is cleaved into [[diacyl glycerol]] (DAG) and [[inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate]] (IP<sub>3</sub>). DAG remains bound to the membrane, and IP<sub>3</sub> is released as a soluble structure into the [[cytosol]]. IP<sub>3</sub> then diffuses through the cytosol to bind to [[Inositol trisphosphate receptor|IP<sub>3</sub> receptors]], particularly [[calcium channel]]s in the [[endoplasmic reticulum]] (ER). These channels are specific to [[calcium]] and only allow the passage of calcium to move through. This causes the cytosolic concentration of calcium to increase, causing a cascade of intracellular changes and activity.<ref name=alberts/>


In addition, Calcium and DAG together works to activate [[protein kinase C]] (PKC) in which goes on to phosphorylate other things, leading to altered cellular activity.<ref name="alberts"/>
: ''Further reading: [[Calcium function in vertebrates]]''


:''Further reading:[[function of protein kinase C]]''
In addition, calcium and DAG together work to activate PKC, which goes on to phosphorylate other molecules, leading to altered cellular activity.<ref name="alberts"/>


==Examples of GPCR partners==
: ''Further reading: [[function of protein kinase C]]''
From modulatory [[neurotransmitter]] [[receptors]] ([[amine]] receptors belonging to [[rhodopsin]] family), G<sub>q</sub> is usually coupled to e.g. the [[G-protein coupled receptors]]:
 
* Alpha 1 [[adrenergic receptors]]
== Examples of GPCR partners ==
* [[5-HT receptor]] type 2
 
* [[Muscarinic receptors]] 1, 3 and 5
From modulatory [[neurotransmitter]] [[Receptor (biochemistry)|receptors]] ([[amine]] receptors belonging to [[rhodopsin]] family), G<sub>q</sub> has been shown to be pre-coupled with G<sub>q</sub>-coupled receptors physically and is functionally coupled to e.g. the [[G-protein coupled receptor]]s:<ref name="Kou Qin">{{Cite journal  |author1=Kou Qin |author2=Chunmin Dong |author3=Guangyu Wu |author4=Nevin A Lambert |date=August 2011 | title = Inactive-state preassembly of Gq-coupled receptors and Gq heterotrimers| journal = Nature Chemical Biology  | volume =  7 | issue = 11  | pages =740–747  |doi=10.1038/nchembio.642 | pmid=21873996|pmc=3177959}}</ref>
* [[Histamine receptor]] type 1
 
* [[5-HT2|5-HT<sub>2</sub>]] [[5-HT receptor|serotonergic receptors]]
* [[Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor]]
* Vasopressin type 1 receptors: [[Arginine vasopressin receptor 1A|1A]] and [[Arginine vasopressin receptor 1B|1B]]
* [[Angiotensin II receptor type 1]]
* [[Calcitonin receptor]]
* [[Calcitonin receptor]]
* [[Histamine H1 receptor]]
* [[Metabotropic glutamate receptor]], Group I
* [[Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1|M<sub>1</sub>]], [[Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3|M<sub>3</sub>]], and  [[Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5|M<sub>5</sub>]] [[muscarinic receptors]]<ref name="Kou Qin"/>
* [[Trace amine-associated receptor 1]]
It has been shown that Gq proteins are preassembled (pre-coupled) with Gq-coupled receptors (such as M<sub>3</sub> receptor. The common polybasic domain in the C-tail of Gq-coupled receptors is necessary for the receptor-G protein preassembly.<ref name="Kou Qin"/>
== Genes ==


==Genes==
* [[GNAQ]], {{gene|GNA11}}, {{gene|GNA14}}, {{gene|GNA15}}
* [[GNAQ]], {{gene|GNA11}}, {{gene|GNA14}}, {{gene|GNA15}}


==See also==
== See also ==
 
* [[Second messenger system]]
* [[Second messenger system]]


==References==
== References ==
<references/>
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
== External links ==
* {{MeshName|Gq+protein}}
* {{MeshName|Gq+protein}}


{{biochem-stub}}
{{Lipid signaling}}
{{GTPases}}
{{Acid anhydride hydrolases}}
{{Enzymes}}
{{Portal bar|Molecular and Cellular Biology|border=no}}
 
[[Category:G proteins|*]]
[[Category:G proteins|*]]
[[Category:Membrane biology]]
[[Category:Membrane biology]]
[[Category:Peripheral membrane proteins]]
[[Category:Peripheral membrane proteins]]
{{WH}}
 
{{WikiDoc Sources}}
 
{{biochem-stub}}

Latest revision as of 07:28, 10 January 2019

guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), q polypeptide
Identifiers
SymbolGNAQ
Entrez2776
HUGO4390
OMIM600998
RefSeqNM_002072
UniProtP50148
Other data
LocusChr. 9 q21
guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), alpha 11 (Gq class)
Identifiers
SymbolGNA11
Entrez2767
HUGO4379
OMIM139313
RefSeqNM_002067
UniProtP29992
Other data
LocusChr. 19 p13.3
guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), alpha 14
Identifiers
SymbolGNA14
Entrez9630
HUGO4382
OMIM604397
RefSeqNM_004297
UniProtO95837
Other data
LocusChr. 9 q21
guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), alpha 15 (Gq class)
Identifiers
SymbolGNA15
Entrez2769
HUGO4383
OMIM139314
RefSeqNM_002068
UniProtP30679
Other data
LocusChr. 19 p13.3

Gq protein (Gαq, or Gq/11) is a heterotrimeric G protein subunit that activates phospholipase C (PLC). PLC in turn hydrolyzes Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) to diacyl glycerol (DAG) and inositol trisphosphate (IP3) signal transduction pathway. DAG acts as a second messenger that activates Protein Kinase C (PKC) and IP3 helps in phosphorylation of some proteins.

Naming

There has been much debate about the naming of the Gαq. In the initial identification of the protein, it was named G alpha 42, because it runs at 42 kDa on SDS-PAGE. Although, already identified by Micheal Strathmann and Mel Simon, shared the sequence thus naming it G alpha q. However, the "q" in the name is arbitrarily named and does not stand for anything in particular. This nomenclature came from Micheal Strathmann and Mel Simon after their discovery of the protein class in 1989. Essentially, the q designation comes from the fact that Michael Strathmann couldn't use the front end of the alphabet "because those early letters were already reserved for some classes of subunits, the Gz designation had been taken, and Gx seemed too obvious -- and so Gq." Rumors suggest that Gq was named referencing the style magazine GQ.

Function

Gq proteins are class of G proteins which work to activate phospholipase C (PLC), participating in a variety of cellular signaling pathways.[1]

The Gq protein works by activating PLC. PLC then cleaves a phospholipid. In the process, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) is cleaved into diacyl glycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3). DAG remains bound to the membrane, and IP3 is released as a soluble structure into the cytosol. IP3 then diffuses through the cytosol to bind to IP3 receptors, particularly calcium channels in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). These channels are specific to calcium and only allow the passage of calcium to move through. This causes the cytosolic concentration of calcium to increase, causing a cascade of intracellular changes and activity.[1]

Further reading: Calcium function in vertebrates

In addition, calcium and DAG together work to activate PKC, which goes on to phosphorylate other molecules, leading to altered cellular activity.[1]

Further reading: function of protein kinase C

Examples of GPCR partners

From modulatory neurotransmitter receptors (amine receptors belonging to rhodopsin family), Gq has been shown to be pre-coupled with Gq-coupled receptors physically and is functionally coupled to e.g. the G-protein coupled receptors:[2]

It has been shown that Gq proteins are preassembled (pre-coupled) with Gq-coupled receptors (such as M3 receptor. The common polybasic domain in the C-tail of Gq-coupled receptors is necessary for the receptor-G protein preassembly.[2]

Genes

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Alberts B, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2002). Molecular biology of the cell (4th ed.). New York: Garland Science. ISBN 0-8153-3218-1.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Kou Qin; Chunmin Dong; Guangyu Wu; Nevin A Lambert (August 2011). "Inactive-state preassembly of Gq-coupled receptors and Gq heterotrimers". Nature Chemical Biology. 7 (11): 740–747. doi:10.1038/nchembio.642. PMC 3177959. PMID 21873996.

External links


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