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==Overview==
==Overview==
Ancient texts with reference to goiter have been seen dating back to 2700 BC. In the 7th century, steatomatous goiter and [[hyperplastic]] or hyperemic goiter were described by Paulus Aegineta. In 1917, Marine introduced prevention of goiter with [[iodine]] by suggesting a low dose of 1:100000 parts of [[iodine]]. In 1949, commercial synthesis of [[levothyroxine]] was done successfully.
Ancient texts with reference to goiter date back to 2700 BC. In the 7th century, steatomatous goiter and [[hyperplastic]] or hyperemic goiter were described by Paulus Aegineta. In 1917, Marine introduced [[Prevention (medical)|prevention]] of goiter with [[iodine]] by suggesting a low dose of 1:100000 parts of [[iodine]]. In 1949, commercial synthesis of [[levothyroxine]] was done successfully.


==Historical Perspective==
==Historical Perspective==
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*Ancient texts with reference to goiter have been seen dating back to 2700 BC.<ref name="pmid21966648">{{cite journal |vauthors=Niazi AK, Kalra S, Irfan A, Islam A |title=Thyroidology over the ages |journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab |volume=15 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S121–6 |year=2011 |pmid=21966648 |pmc=3169859 |doi=10.4103/2230-8210.83347 |url=}}</ref>
*Ancient texts with reference to goiter have been seen dating back to 2700 BC.<ref name="pmid21966648">{{cite journal |vauthors=Niazi AK, Kalra S, Irfan A, Islam A |title=Thyroidology over the ages |journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab |volume=15 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S121–6 |year=2011 |pmid=21966648 |pmc=3169859 |doi=10.4103/2230-8210.83347 |url=}}</ref>
*In 1400 BC, goiter was described as ‘galaganda’ and details regarding this disease were explained in Indian ayurvedic medicine.<ref name="pmid21966648">{{cite journal |vauthors=Niazi AK, Kalra S, Irfan A, Islam A |title=Thyroidology over the ages |journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab |volume=15 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S121–6 |year=2011 |pmid=21966648 |pmc=3169859 |doi=10.4103/2230-8210.83347 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16982603">{{cite journal |vauthors=Leoutsakos V |title=A short history of the thyroid gland |journal=Hormones (Athens) |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=268–71 |year=2004 |pmid=16982603 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*In 1400 BC, goiter was described as ‘galaganda’ and details regarding this disease were explained in Indian ayurvedic medicine.<ref name="pmid21966648">{{cite journal |vauthors=Niazi AK, Kalra S, Irfan A, Islam A |title=Thyroidology over the ages |journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab |volume=15 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S121–6 |year=2011 |pmid=21966648 |pmc=3169859 |doi=10.4103/2230-8210.83347 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16982603">{{cite journal |vauthors=Leoutsakos V |title=A short history of the thyroid gland |journal=Hormones (Athens) |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=268–71 |year=2004 |pmid=16982603 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*In the 7th century, steatomatous goiter and [[hyperplastic|hyper plastic]] or hyperemic goiter were described by Paulus Aegineta.<ref name="pmid21966648">{{cite journal |vauthors=Niazi AK, Kalra S, Irfan A, Islam A |title=Thyroidology over the ages |journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab |volume=15 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S121–6 |year=2011 |pmid=21966648 |pmc=3169859 |doi=10.4103/2230-8210.83347 |url=}}</ref>
*In the 7th century, steatomatous goiter and [[hyperplastic]] or hyperemic goiter were described by Paulus Aegineta.<ref name="pmid21966648">{{cite journal |vauthors=Niazi AK, Kalra S, Irfan A, Islam A |title=Thyroidology over the ages |journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab |volume=15 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S121–6 |year=2011 |pmid=21966648 |pmc=3169859 |doi=10.4103/2230-8210.83347 |url=}}</ref>
*In 1656, [[Thomas Wharton Jones|Thomas Wharton]], a famous [[anatomist]], discovered the exact [[Anatomical|anatomical structure]] of the [[thyroid gland]].<ref name="pmid21966648">{{cite journal |vauthors=Niazi AK, Kalra S, Irfan A, Islam A |title=Thyroidology over the ages |journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab |volume=15 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S121–6 |year=2011 |pmid=21966648 |pmc=3169859 |doi=10.4103/2230-8210.83347 |url=}}</ref>
*In 1656, [[Thomas Wharton Jones|Thomas Wharton]], a famous [[anatomist]], discovered the exact [[Anatomical|anatomical structure]] of the [[thyroid gland]].<ref name="pmid21966648">{{cite journal |vauthors=Niazi AK, Kalra S, Irfan A, Islam A |title=Thyroidology over the ages |journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab |volume=15 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S121–6 |year=2011 |pmid=21966648 |pmc=3169859 |doi=10.4103/2230-8210.83347 |url=}}</ref>
*In 1836, Thomas Wilkinson King, also known as father of [[endocrinology]], described [[Thyroid Gland|thyroid]] [[colloid]] in his article on ‘Observations on the Thyroid Gland’.<ref name="pmid21966648">{{cite journal |vauthors=Niazi AK, Kalra S, Irfan A, Islam A |title=Thyroidology over the ages |journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab |volume=15 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S121–6 |year=2011 |pmid=21966648 |pmc=3169859 |doi=10.4103/2230-8210.83347 |url=}}</ref>
*In 1836, Thomas Wilkinson King, also known as father of [[endocrinology]], described [[Thyroid Gland|thyroid]] [[colloid]] in his article on ‘Observations on the Thyroid Gland’.<ref name="pmid21966648">{{cite journal |vauthors=Niazi AK, Kalra S, Irfan A, Islam A |title=Thyroidology over the ages |journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab |volume=15 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S121–6 |year=2011 |pmid=21966648 |pmc=3169859 |doi=10.4103/2230-8210.83347 |url=}}</ref>
*Between 1884 and 1886, Sir Horsley discovered the association of [[thyroidectomy]] with [[myxedema]] and [[cretinism]], during his experiments on monkeys.<ref name="pmid21966648">{{cite journal |vauthors=Niazi AK, Kalra S, Irfan A, Islam A |title=Thyroidology over the ages |journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab |volume=15 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S121–6 |year=2011 |pmid=21966648 |pmc=3169859 |doi=10.4103/2230-8210.83347 |url=}}</ref>
*Between 1884 and 1886, Sir Horsley discovered the association of [[thyroidectomy]] with [[myxedema]] and [[cretinism]], during his experiments on monkeys.<ref name="pmid21966648">{{cite journal |vauthors=Niazi AK, Kalra S, Irfan A, Islam A |title=Thyroidology over the ages |journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab |volume=15 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S121–6 |year=2011 |pmid=21966648 |pmc=3169859 |doi=10.4103/2230-8210.83347 |url=}}</ref>
*In the 19th century [[iodine]] was discovered by the Parisians Courtois.<ref name="pmid21966648">{{cite journal |vauthors=Niazi AK, Kalra S, Irfan A, Islam A |title=Thyroidology over the ages |journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab |volume=15 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S121–6 |year=2011 |pmid=21966648 |pmc=3169859 |doi=10.4103/2230-8210.83347 |url=}}</ref>
*In the 19th century [[iodine]] was discovered by the Parisians Courtois.<ref name="pmid21966648">{{cite journal |vauthors=Niazi AK, Kalra S, Irfan A, Islam A |title=Thyroidology over the ages |journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab |volume=15 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S121–6 |year=2011 |pmid=21966648 |pmc=3169859 |doi=10.4103/2230-8210.83347 |url=}}</ref>
*In 1974, an international committee of [[thyroid]] [[pathologists]] published the first [[WHO]] classification of tumors of the thyroid gland based on histology, which served as a basis for various [[clinical]], [[pathological]], and epidemiological studies.<ref name="pmid2914297">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hedinger C, Williams ED, Sobin LH |title=The WHO histological classification of thyroid tumors: a commentary on the second edition |journal=Cancer |volume=63 |issue=5 |pages=908–11 |year=1989 |pmid=2914297 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*In 1974, an international committee of [[thyroid]] [[pathologists]] published the first [[WHO]] classification of [[tumors]] of the [[thyroid gland]] based on histology, which served as a basis for various [[clinical]], [[pathological]], and [[epidemiological]] studies.<ref name="pmid2914297">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hedinger C, Williams ED, Sobin LH |title=The WHO histological classification of thyroid tumors: a commentary on the second edition |journal=Cancer |volume=63 |issue=5 |pages=908–11 |year=1989 |pmid=2914297 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


==Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies==
==Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies==
*In the 6th century, the surgical treatment of goiter was mentioned by Aetius. Aetius also made references to ‘atheromatous’ goiters. <ref>name="pmid21966648">{{cite journal |vauthors=Niazi AK, Kalra S, Irfan A, Islam A |title=Thyroidology over the ages |journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab |volume=15 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S121–6 |year=2011 |pmid=21966648 |pmc=3169859 |doi=10.4103/2230-8210.83347 |url=}}</ref>
*In the 6th century, the surgical treatment of goiter was mentioned by Aetius. Aetius also made references to ‘atheromatous’ goiters. <ref>name="pmid21966648">{{cite journal |vauthors=Niazi AK, Kalra S, Irfan A, Islam A |title=Thyroidology over the ages |journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab |volume=15 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S121–6 |year=2011 |pmid=21966648 |pmc=3169859 |doi=10.4103/2230-8210.83347 |url=}}</ref>
*In the 7th century, [[thyroid]] [[surgery]] on struma was performed by Paulus Aegineta. <ref name="pmid21966648">{{cite journal |vauthors=Niazi AK, Kalra S, Irfan A, Islam A |title=Thyroidology over the ages |journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab |volume=15 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S121–6 |year=2011 |pmid=21966648 |pmc=3169859 |doi=10.4103/2230-8210.83347 |url=}}</ref>
*In the 7th century, [[thyroid]] [[surgery]] on struma was performed by Paulus Aegineta. <ref name="pmid21966648">{{cite journal |vauthors=Niazi AK, Kalra S, Irfan A, Islam A |title=Thyroidology over the ages |journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab |volume=15 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S121–6 |year=2011 |pmid=21966648 |pmc=3169859 |doi=10.4103/2230-8210.83347 |url=}}</ref>
*In the 10th century, Albucasis removed a large goiter of a man under opium sedation which is supposedly the first reliable account of a [[thyroid]] [[surgery]]. <ref name="pmid21966648">{{cite journal |vauthors=Niazi AK, Kalra S, Irfan A, Islam A |title=Thyroidology over the ages |journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab |volume=15 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S121–6 |year=2011 |pmid=21966648 |pmc=3169859 |doi=10.4103/2230-8210.83347 |url=}}</ref>
*In the 10th century, Albucasis removed a large goiter of a man under opium sedation which is supposedly the first reliable account of a [[thyroid]] [[surgery]]. <ref name="pmid21966648">{{cite journal |vauthors=Niazi AK, Kalra S, Irfan A, Islam A |title=Thyroidology over the ages |journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab |volume=15 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S121–6 |year=2011 |pmid=21966648 |pmc=3169859 |doi=10.4103/2230-8210.83347 |url=}}</ref>
*In the 14th century, Guy de Chaliac, a french [[surgeon]] reported that [[goiter]] as a [[hereditary disease]] and recommended surgical treatment for it. <ref name="pmid16982603">{{cite journal |vauthors=Leoutsakos V |title=A short history of the thyroid gland |journal=Hormones (Athens) |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=268–71 |year=2004 |pmid=16982603 |doi= |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid21966648">{{cite journal |vauthors=Niazi AK, Kalra S, Irfan A, Islam A |title=Thyroidology over the ages |journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab |volume=15 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S121–6 |year=2011 |pmid=21966648 |pmc=3169859 |doi=10.4103/2230-8210.83347 |url=}}</ref>
*In the 14th century, Guy de Chaliac, a French [[surgeon]] reported [[goiter]] as a [[hereditary disease]] and recommended surgical treatment for it.<ref name="pmid21966648" /><ref name="pmid16982603">{{cite journal |vauthors=Leoutsakos V |title=A short history of the thyroid gland |journal=Hormones (Athens) |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=268–71 |year=2004 |pmid=16982603 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Coindet of geneva was the first person to use [[iodine]] as a remedy for goiter and prescribed hydriodate of potash or ‘[[tincture of iodine]]’. <ref name="pmid21966648">{{cite journal |vauthors=Niazi AK, Kalra S, Irfan A, Islam A |title=Thyroidology over the ages |journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab |volume=15 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S121–6 |year=2011 |pmid=21966648 |pmc=3169859 |doi=10.4103/2230-8210.83347 |url=}}</ref>
*Coindet of Geneva was the first person to use [[iodine]] as a remedy for goiter and prescribed hydriodate of potash or ‘[[tincture of iodine]]’. <ref name="pmid21966648">{{cite journal |vauthors=Niazi AK, Kalra S, Irfan A, Islam A |title=Thyroidology over the ages |journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab |volume=15 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S121–6 |year=2011 |pmid=21966648 |pmc=3169859 |doi=10.4103/2230-8210.83347 |url=}}</ref>
*In 1833, salt iodization was suggested by Boussingault in order to prevent goiter.  In 1835, he also demonstrated that the incidence of goiter was reduced when salt from goiter-free regions was used in regions with [[endemic]] goiter. <ref name="pmid21966648">{{cite journal |vauthors=Niazi AK, Kalra S, Irfan A, Islam A |title=Thyroidology over the ages |journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab |volume=15 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S121–6 |year=2011 |pmid=21966648 |pmc=3169859 |doi=10.4103/2230-8210.83347 |url=}}</ref>
*In 1833, salt iodization was suggested by Boussingault in order to [[Prevention (medical)|prevent]] goiter.  In 1835, he also demonstrated that the [[Incidence (epidemiology)|incidence]] of goiter was reduced when salt from goiter-free regions was used in regions with [[endemic]] goiter.<ref name="pmid21966648">{{cite journal |vauthors=Niazi AK, Kalra S, Irfan A, Islam A |title=Thyroidology over the ages |journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab |volume=15 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S121–6 |year=2011 |pmid=21966648 |pmc=3169859 |doi=10.4103/2230-8210.83347 |url=}}</ref>
*In 1907, David Marine proved that iodine is necessary for [[thyroid]] [[Function (biology)|function]]. <ref name="pmid21966648">{{cite journal |vauthors=Niazi AK, Kalra S, Irfan A, Islam A |title=Thyroidology over the ages |journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab |volume=15 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S121–6 |year=2011 |pmid=21966648 |pmc=3169859 |doi=10.4103/2230-8210.83347 |url=}}</ref>
*In 1907, David Marine proved that [[iodine]] is necessary for [[thyroid]] [[Function (biology)|function]].<ref name="pmid21966648">{{cite journal |vauthors=Niazi AK, Kalra S, Irfan A, Islam A |title=Thyroidology over the ages |journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab |volume=15 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S121–6 |year=2011 |pmid=21966648 |pmc=3169859 |doi=10.4103/2230-8210.83347 |url=}}</ref>
*In 1909, the nobel prize was awarded to Emil Theodor Kocher, for his work in thyroidology. <ref name="pmid21966648">{{cite journal |vauthors=Niazi AK, Kalra S, Irfan A, Islam A |title=Thyroidology over the ages |journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab |volume=15 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S121–6 |year=2011 |pmid=21966648 |pmc=3169859 |doi=10.4103/2230-8210.83347 |url=}}</ref>
*In 1909, the nobel prize was awarded to Emil Theodor Kocher, for his work on [[thyroid gland]].<ref name="pmid21966648">{{cite journal |vauthors=Niazi AK, Kalra S, Irfan A, Islam A |title=Thyroidology over the ages |journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab |volume=15 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S121–6 |year=2011 |pmid=21966648 |pmc=3169859 |doi=10.4103/2230-8210.83347 |url=}}</ref>
*In 1917, Marine introduced prevention of goiter with [[iodine]] by suggesting a low dose of 1:100000 parts of [[iodine]]. <ref name="pmid21966648">{{cite journal |vauthors=Niazi AK, Kalra S, Irfan A, Islam A |title=Thyroidology over the ages |journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab |volume=15 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S121–6 |year=2011 |pmid=21966648 |pmc=3169859 |doi=10.4103/2230-8210.83347 |url=}}</ref>
*In 1917, Marine introduced [[Prevention (medical)|prevention]] of goiter with [[iodine]] by suggesting a low dose of 1:100000 parts of [[iodine]].<ref name="pmid21966648">{{cite journal |vauthors=Niazi AK, Kalra S, Irfan A, Islam A |title=Thyroidology over the ages |journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab |volume=15 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S121–6 |year=2011 |pmid=21966648 |pmc=3169859 |doi=10.4103/2230-8210.83347 |url=}}</ref>
*In 1943, Hertz, Roberts and Leblond used [[radioactive iodine]] was used in the treatment of [[Graves' disease|Grave's disease]]. <ref name="pmid21966648">{{cite journal |vauthors=Niazi AK, Kalra S, Irfan A, Islam A |title=Thyroidology over the ages |journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab |volume=15 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S121–6 |year=2011 |pmid=21966648 |pmc=3169859 |doi=10.4103/2230-8210.83347 |url=}}</ref>
*In 1943, Hertz, Roberts and Leblond used [[radioactive iodine]] was used in the treatment of [[Graves' disease|Grave's disease]].<ref name="pmid21966648">{{cite journal |vauthors=Niazi AK, Kalra S, Irfan A, Islam A |title=Thyroidology over the ages |journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab |volume=15 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S121–6 |year=2011 |pmid=21966648 |pmc=3169859 |doi=10.4103/2230-8210.83347 |url=}}</ref>
*In 1949, commercial synthesis of [[levothyroxine]] was done successfully. <ref name="pmid21966648">{{cite journal |vauthors=Niazi AK, Kalra S, Irfan A, Islam A |title=Thyroidology over the ages |journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab |volume=15 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S121–6 |year=2011 |pmid=21966648 |pmc=3169859 |doi=10.4103/2230-8210.83347 |url=}}</ref>
*In 1949, commercial synthesis of [[levothyroxine]] was done successfully.<ref name="pmid21966648">{{cite journal |vauthors=Niazi AK, Kalra S, Irfan A, Islam A |title=Thyroidology over the ages |journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab |volume=15 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S121–6 |year=2011 |pmid=21966648 |pmc=3169859 |doi=10.4103/2230-8210.83347 |url=}}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 15:27, 16 November 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aravind Reddy Kothagadi M.B.B.S[2]

Overview

Ancient texts with reference to goiter date back to 2700 BC. In the 7th century, steatomatous goiter and hyperplastic or hyperemic goiter were described by Paulus Aegineta. In 1917, Marine introduced prevention of goiter with iodine by suggesting a low dose of 1:100000 parts of iodine. In 1949, commercial synthesis of levothyroxine was done successfully.

Historical Perspective

Discovery

Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies

  • In the 6th century, the surgical treatment of goiter was mentioned by Aetius. Aetius also made references to ‘atheromatous’ goiters. [4]
  • In the 7th century, thyroid surgery on struma was performed by Paulus Aegineta. [1]
  • In the 10th century, Albucasis removed a large goiter of a man under opium sedation which is supposedly the first reliable account of a thyroid surgery. [1]
  • In the 14th century, Guy de Chaliac, a French surgeon reported goiter as a hereditary disease and recommended surgical treatment for it.[1][2]
  • Coindet of Geneva was the first person to use iodine as a remedy for goiter and prescribed hydriodate of potash or ‘tincture of iodine’. [1]
  • In 1833, salt iodization was suggested by Boussingault in order to prevent goiter. In 1835, he also demonstrated that the incidence of goiter was reduced when salt from goiter-free regions was used in regions with endemic goiter.[1]
  • In 1907, David Marine proved that iodine is necessary for thyroid function.[1]
  • In 1909, the nobel prize was awarded to Emil Theodor Kocher, for his work on thyroid gland.[1]
  • In 1917, Marine introduced prevention of goiter with iodine by suggesting a low dose of 1:100000 parts of iodine.[1]
  • In 1943, Hertz, Roberts and Leblond used radioactive iodine was used in the treatment of Grave's disease.[1]
  • In 1949, commercial synthesis of levothyroxine was done successfully.[1]

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 Niazi AK, Kalra S, Irfan A, Islam A (2011). "Thyroidology over the ages". Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 15 (Suppl 2): S121–6. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.83347. PMC 3169859. PMID 21966648.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Leoutsakos V (2004). "A short history of the thyroid gland". Hormones (Athens). 3 (4): 268–71. PMID 16982603.
  3. ↑ Hedinger C, Williams ED, Sobin LH (1989). "The WHO histological classification of thyroid tumors: a commentary on the second edition". Cancer. 63 (5): 908–11. PMID 2914297.
  4. ↑ name="pmid21966648">Niazi AK, Kalra S, Irfan A, Islam A (2011). "Thyroidology over the ages". Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 15 (Suppl 2): S121–6. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.83347. PMC 3169859. PMID 21966648.

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