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{{Ebola}}
{{Ebola}}
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==Overview==
==Overview==
The main [[risk factors]] for Ebola virus disease are traveling to [[endemic]] areas, to be a health professional taking care of infected [[patients]] and researchers working with animal models of the Ebola virus disease.<ref name=CDC>{{cite web | title = CDC Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever Information Packet  | url = http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/Fact_Sheets/Ebola_Fact_Booklet.pdf | year = April 2010 }}</ref>
The main [[risk factors]] for Ebola virus disease (EVD) include a recent travel to [[endemic]] regions, provision of direct care or exposure/processing of blood or body fluids of a symptomatic patient with Ebola virus disease, and direct contact with a dead body in an endemic region without personal protective equipment (PPE).<ref name=CDC>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/exposure/risk-factors-when-evaluating-person-for-exposure.html |title=Epidemiologic Risk Factors to Consider when Evaluating a Person for Exposure to Ebola Virus |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=October 27 2014 |website=www.cdc.gov |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) |accessdate=October 28 2014}} </ref>


==Exposure Risk Levels==
Levels of exposure risk are defined as follows<ref name=CDC>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/exposure/risk-factors-when-evaluating-person-for-exposure.html |title=Epidemiologic Risk Factors to Consider when Evaluating a Person for Exposure to Ebola Virus |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=October 27 2014 |website=www.cdc.gov |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) |accessdate=October 28 2014}} </ref>:
* High risk
* Some risk
* Low (but not zero) risk
* No identifiable risk
==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
Persons at an increased risk for Ebola virus disease include:
The following epidemiologic risk factors should be considered when evaluating a person for Ebola virus disease (EVD), classifying contacts, or considering public health actions such as monitoring and movement restrictions based on exposure.<ref name=CDC>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/exposure/risk-factors-when-evaluating-person-for-exposure.html |title=Epidemiologic Risk Factors to Consider when Evaluating a Person for Exposure to Ebola Virus |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=October 27 2014 |website=www.cdc.gov |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) |accessdate=October 28 2014}} </ref>
* If you have traveled to an area of the world where Ebola occurs frequently (such as Central Africa).
 
* Hospital staff/caregivers for patients with Ebola.
====<span style="color:red">High Risk</span>====
=== Bioterrorism ===
'''High risk''' includes any of the following<ref name=CDC>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/exposure/risk-factors-when-evaluating-person-for-exposure.html |title=Epidemiologic Risk Factors to Consider when Evaluating a Person for Exposure to Ebola Virus |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=October 27 2014 |website=www.cdc.gov |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) |accessdate=October 28 2014}} </ref>:
A major risk associated with ebola is the ability to have it weaponized. Ebola does not have a vaccine associated with it, therefore it would be a good candidate for a major biological attack.
 
* Percutaneous (e.g., needle stick) or [[mucous membrane]] exposure to [[blood]] or body fluids of EVD patient while the patient was symptomatic
* Exposure to the blood or body fluids (including but not limited to [[feces]], [[saliva]], [[sweat]], [[urine]], [[vomit]], and [[semen]]) of a person with Ebola while the person was symptomatic without appropriate [[personal protective equipment]] (PPE)
*Processing blood or body fluids of a person with Ebola while the person was symptomatic without appropriate PPE or standard biosafety precautions
*Direct contact with a dead body without appropriate PPE in a country with widespread Ebola virus transmission
*Having lived in the immediate household and provided direct care to a person with Ebola while the person was symptomatic
 
====<span style="color:red">Some Risk</span>====
'''Some risk''' includes any of the following<ref name=CDC>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/exposure/risk-factors-when-evaluating-person-for-exposure.html |title=Epidemiologic Risk Factors to Consider when Evaluating a Person for Exposure to Ebola Virus |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=October 27 2014 |website=www.cdc.gov |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) |accessdate=October 28 2014}} </ref>:


Because Ebola is lethal and since no approved [[vaccine]] or treatment is available, Ebola is classified as a [[Biosafety Level 4]] agent, as well as a Category A [[bioterrorism]] agent<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hoenen |first=Thomas |authorlink= |coauthors=''et al.'' |year=2006 |month= |title=Ebola virus: unravelling pathogenesis to combat a deadly disease |journal=Trends in Molecular Medicine |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=206-215 |doi=10.1016/j.molmed.2006.03.006 |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref> and a [[select agent]] by the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]].
*In countries with widespread Ebola virus transmission: direct contact while using appropriate PPE with a person with Ebola while the person was symptomatic
*Close contact in households, health care facilities, or community settings with a person with Ebola while the person was symptomatic. Close contact is defined as being for a prolonged period of time while not wearing appropriate PPE within approximately 3 feet (1 meter) of a person with Ebola while the person was symptomatic


Ebola shows potential as a biological weapon because of its lethality but due to its relatively short incubation period it may be more difficult to spread since it may kill its victim before it has a chance to be transmitted, meaning that it would be hard to spread amongst small populations. However, if an outbreak occurred in a city the effects would likely be devastating.
====<span style="color:red">Low Risk</span>====
'''Low (but not zero) risk''' exposure includes any of the following<ref name=CDC>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/exposure/risk-factors-when-evaluating-person-for-exposure.html |title=Epidemiologic Risk Factors to Consider when Evaluating a Person for Exposure to Ebola Virus |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=October 27 2014 |website=www.cdc.gov |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) |accessdate=October 28 2014}} </ref>:


As a terrorist weapon, Ebola has been considered by members of [[Japan]]'s [[Aum Shinrikyo]] [[cult]], whose leader, [[Shoko Asahara]] led about 40 members to Zaire in 1992 under the guise of offering medical aid to Ebola victims in what was presumably an attempt to acquire a sample of the virus.<ref>{{cite paper |last= |first= |author= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Chronology of Aum Shinrikyo's CBW Activities |version= |publisher=Monterey Institute for International Studies |date= |url=http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/reports/pdfs/aum_chrn.pdf |format= |id= |accessdate= }}</ref>
*Having been in a country with widespread Ebola virus transmission within the past 21 days and having had no known exposures
*Having brief direct contact (e.g., shaking hands) while not wearing appropriate PPE, with a person with Ebola while the person was in the early stage of disease
*Brief proximity, such as being in the same room for a brief period of time, with a person with Ebola while the person was symptomatic
*In countries without widespread Ebola virus transmission: direct contact while using appropriate PPE with a person with Ebola while the person was symptomatic
*Traveled on an aircraft with a person with Ebola while the person was symptomatic
====<span style="color:red">No Identifiable Risk</span>====
'''No identifiable risk''' includes<ref name=CDC>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/exposure/risk-factors-when-evaluating-person-for-exposure.html |title=Epidemiologic Risk Factors to Consider when Evaluating a Person for Exposure to Ebola Virus |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=October 27 2014 |website=www.cdc.gov |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) |accessdate=October 28 2014}} </ref>:
 
*Contact with an asymptomatic person who had contact with person with Ebola
*Contact with a person with Ebola before the person developed symptoms
*Having been more than 21 days previously in a country with widespread Ebola virus transmission
*Having been in a country without widespread Ebola virus transmission and not having any other exposures as defined above


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Hemorrhagic fevers]]
[[Category:Hemorrhagic fevers]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
 
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]


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Latest revision as of 17:38, 18 September 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]: Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Michael Maddaleni, B.S.;Guillermo Rodriguez Nava, M.D. [2]; Rim Halaby, M.D. [3]; Yazan Daaboul, M.D.

Overview

The main risk factors for Ebola virus disease (EVD) include a recent travel to endemic regions, provision of direct care or exposure/processing of blood or body fluids of a symptomatic patient with Ebola virus disease, and direct contact with a dead body in an endemic region without personal protective equipment (PPE).[1]

Exposure Risk Levels

Levels of exposure risk are defined as follows[1]:

  • High risk
  • Some risk
  • Low (but not zero) risk
  • No identifiable risk

Risk Factors

The following epidemiologic risk factors should be considered when evaluating a person for Ebola virus disease (EVD), classifying contacts, or considering public health actions such as monitoring and movement restrictions based on exposure.[1]

High Risk

High risk includes any of the following[1]:

  • Percutaneous (e.g., needle stick) or mucous membrane exposure to blood or body fluids of EVD patient while the patient was symptomatic
  • Exposure to the blood or body fluids (including but not limited to feces, saliva, sweat, urine, vomit, and semen) of a person with Ebola while the person was symptomatic without appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE)
  • Processing blood or body fluids of a person with Ebola while the person was symptomatic without appropriate PPE or standard biosafety precautions
  • Direct contact with a dead body without appropriate PPE in a country with widespread Ebola virus transmission
  • Having lived in the immediate household and provided direct care to a person with Ebola while the person was symptomatic

Some Risk

Some risk includes any of the following[1]:

  • In countries with widespread Ebola virus transmission: direct contact while using appropriate PPE with a person with Ebola while the person was symptomatic
  • Close contact in households, health care facilities, or community settings with a person with Ebola while the person was symptomatic. Close contact is defined as being for a prolonged period of time while not wearing appropriate PPE within approximately 3 feet (1 meter) of a person with Ebola while the person was symptomatic

Low Risk

Low (but not zero) risk exposure includes any of the following[1]:

  • Having been in a country with widespread Ebola virus transmission within the past 21 days and having had no known exposures
  • Having brief direct contact (e.g., shaking hands) while not wearing appropriate PPE, with a person with Ebola while the person was in the early stage of disease
  • Brief proximity, such as being in the same room for a brief period of time, with a person with Ebola while the person was symptomatic
  • In countries without widespread Ebola virus transmission: direct contact while using appropriate PPE with a person with Ebola while the person was symptomatic
  • Traveled on an aircraft with a person with Ebola while the person was symptomatic

No Identifiable Risk

No identifiable risk includes[1]:

  • Contact with an asymptomatic person who had contact with person with Ebola
  • Contact with a person with Ebola before the person developed symptoms
  • Having been more than 21 days previously in a country with widespread Ebola virus transmission
  • Having been in a country without widespread Ebola virus transmission and not having any other exposures as defined above

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 "Epidemiologic Risk Factors to Consider when Evaluating a Person for Exposure to Ebola Virus". www.cdc.gov. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). October 27 2014. Retrieved October 28 2014. Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help)

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