Ebola epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
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==Epidemiology== | |||
Outbreaks of EVD have mainly been restricted to Africa. The virus often consumes the population. Governments and individuals quickly respond to quarantine the area while the lack of roads and transportation helps to contain the outbreak. EVD was first described after almost simultaneous viral hemorrhagic fever outbreaks occurred in Zaire and Sudan in 1976.<ref name="pmid307455">{{cite journal |author= |title=Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Sudan, 1976. Report of a WHO/International Study Team |journal=[[Bulletin of the World Health Organization]] |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=247–70 |year=1978 |pmid=307455 |pmc=2395561 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref><ref name="pmid307456">{{cite journal |author= |title=Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Zaire, 1976 |journal=[[Bulletin of the World Health Organization]] |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=271–93 |year=1978 |pmid=307456 |pmc=2395567 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref>. EVD is believed to occur after an [[ebolavirus]] is transmitted to a human index case via contact with an infected animal [[host]]. Human-to-human transmission occurs via direct contact with [[blood]] or bodily fluids from an infected person (including embalming of a deceased victim) or by contact with contaminated medical equipment such as needles. In the past, explosive [[nosocomial]] transmission has occurred in underequipped African hospitals due to the reuse of needles and/or absence of proper barrier nursing. [[Aerosol]] transmission has not been observed during natural EVD outbreaks. The potential for widespread EVD [[epidemics]] is considered low due to the high case-fatality rate, the rapidity of demise of patients, and the often remote areas where [[infections]] occur. | Outbreaks of EVD have mainly been restricted to Africa. The virus often consumes the population. Governments and individuals quickly respond to quarantine the area while the lack of roads and transportation helps to contain the outbreak. EVD was first described after almost simultaneous viral hemorrhagic fever outbreaks occurred in Zaire and Sudan in 1976.<ref name="pmid307455">{{cite journal |author= |title=Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Sudan, 1976. Report of a WHO/International Study Team |journal=[[Bulletin of the World Health Organization]] |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=247–70 |year=1978 |pmid=307455 |pmc=2395561 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref><ref name="pmid307456">{{cite journal |author= |title=Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Zaire, 1976 |journal=[[Bulletin of the World Health Organization]] |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=271–93 |year=1978 |pmid=307456 |pmc=2395567 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref>. EVD is believed to occur after an [[ebolavirus]] is transmitted to a human index case via contact with an infected animal [[host]]. Human-to-human transmission occurs via direct contact with [[blood]] or bodily fluids from an infected person (including embalming of a deceased victim) or by contact with contaminated medical equipment such as needles. In the past, explosive [[nosocomial]] transmission has occurred in underequipped African hospitals due to the reuse of needles and/or absence of proper barrier nursing. [[Aerosol]] transmission has not been observed during natural EVD outbreaks. The potential for widespread EVD [[epidemics]] is considered low due to the high case-fatality rate, the rapidity of demise of patients, and the often remote areas where [[infections]] occur. | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Michael Maddaleni, B.S.
Overview
Epidemiology
Outbreaks of EVD have mainly been restricted to Africa. The virus often consumes the population. Governments and individuals quickly respond to quarantine the area while the lack of roads and transportation helps to contain the outbreak. EVD was first described after almost simultaneous viral hemorrhagic fever outbreaks occurred in Zaire and Sudan in 1976.[1][2]. EVD is believed to occur after an ebolavirus is transmitted to a human index case via contact with an infected animal host. Human-to-human transmission occurs via direct contact with blood or bodily fluids from an infected person (including embalming of a deceased victim) or by contact with contaminated medical equipment such as needles. In the past, explosive nosocomial transmission has occurred in underequipped African hospitals due to the reuse of needles and/or absence of proper barrier nursing. Aerosol transmission has not been observed during natural EVD outbreaks. The potential for widespread EVD epidemics is considered low due to the high case-fatality rate, the rapidity of demise of patients, and the often remote areas where infections occur.
Distribution
This is a map of the distribution of ebola in Africa.
- Distribution of Ebola and Marburg virus in Africa (note that integrated genes from filoviruses have been detected in mammals from the New World as well). (A) Known points of filovirus disease. Projected distribution of ecological niche of: (B) all filoviruses, (C) ebolaviruses, (D) marburgviruses.
- ↑ "Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Sudan, 1976. Report of a WHO/International Study Team". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 56 (2): 247–70. 1978. PMC 2395561. PMID 307455.
|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ↑ "Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Zaire, 1976". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 56 (2): 271–93. 1978. PMC 2395567. PMID 307456.
|access-date=requires|url=(help)