Dysmenorrhea
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Synonyms and Keywords: Dysmenorrhoea; menstrual cramps; menorrhalgia; menstrual pain
Overview
Historical Perspective
Classification
The two types of dysmenorrhea are:
- Primary or spasmodic dysmenorrhea
- Secondary or congestive dysmenorrhea
Primary Dysmenorrhea
- Lower abdominal pain that occurs during a menstrual cycle and is not associated with any pelvic pathology
- Usually disappears in women by pregnancy or in late 20's
Secondary Dysmenorrhea
- Lower abdominal pain that occurs during a menstrual cycle and is associated with pathologies inside and outside the uterus
- Usually prevelant over 20's
Pathophysiology
Causes
Primary Dysmenorrhea
- Uterine contractions caused by high prostaglandin concentration, inturn causing shedding of the endometrial lining.
Secondary Dysmenorrhea
Intramural Causes
- Leiomyoma
- Adenomyosis
Extrauterine Causes
- Endometriosis
Intrauterine causes
- Leiomyomata
- Polyps
- IUDs
- Infection
- Cervical Stenosis
- Other cervical lesions
Other less common causes
- Adhesions
- Ectopic pregnancy
- Spontaneous abortion
- Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
- Pelvic congestion Syndrome
- Ovarian cysts
- Allen Masters Syndrome
- Obstructive malformations of uterine tract
- Psychogenic
- Nongynaecological causes
Differentiating Dysmenorrhea from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | Ultrasound | Other Imaging Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Medical Therapy | Surgery | Primary Prevention | Secondary Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies
Case Studies
Related Chapters
- Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
- Stress and anxiety
- Pelvic inflammatory disease
- Adenomyosis
- History of sexual or physical abuse
- Leiomyoma
- Ovarian cysts
- Endometriosis
References
- Andreoli, Thomas E., Charles C. J. Carpenter, Robert C. Griggs, and Joseph Loscalzo. CECIL Essentials of Medicine, 6th ed. Saunders, 2004. ISBN 0-7216-0147-2
- Chapman-Smith, David A. "The Chiropractic Profession." NCMIC Group Inc., 2000. ISBN 1-892734-02-8
- Hacker, Neville F., J. George Moore, and Joseph C. Gambone. Essentials of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 4th ed. Elsevier Saunders, 2004. ISBN 0-7216-0179-0
- Jun E (2004). "[Effects of SP-6 acupressure on dysmenorrhea, skin temperature of CV2 acupoint and temperature, in the college students]". Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi. 34 (7): 1343–50. PMID 15687775.
- Proctor M, Hing W, Johnson T, Murphy P (2006). "Spinal manipulation for primary and secondary dysmenorrhoea". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 3: CD002119. PMID 16855988. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - White A (2003). "A review of controlled trials of acupuncture for women's reproductive health care". J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care. 29 (4): 233–6. PMID 14662058.
- Wright, Jason and Solange Wyatt. The Washington Manual Obstetrics and Gynecology Survival Guide. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2003. ISBN 0-7817-4363-X