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If left untreated, most patient are symptom free over the course of time. Very few case report of progression to achalasia and nut cracker esophagus.  
If left untreated, most patient are symptom free over the course of time. Very few case report of progression to achalasia and nut cracker esophagus.  
The diagnostic study of choice for DES is manometry.
==Historical Perspective==
==Historical Perspective==



Revision as of 20:04, 17 November 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Madhu Sigdel M.B.B.S.[2]

Overview

Diffuse or Distal esophageal spasm (DES) is an uncommon esophageal motility disorder causing chest pain and/or dysphagia.

Esophagus was described by Vasalius in 1543. Diffuse esophageal spasm was first described by Osgood in 1889.

There is no established system for the classification of DES.

The exact pathogenesis of DES is not fully understood.

Diffuse esophageal spasm must be differentiated from other diseases that cause dysphagia, chest pain and weight loss such as angina, reflux esophagitis, esophageal carcinoma, systemic sclerosis, nutcracker esophagus, hypertensive LES, esophageal web/stricture, pseudoachalasia, stroke, esophageal candidiasis and Chagas disease etc.

Common risk factors in the development of Diffuse Esophageal Spasm include: Age (60-80 years), obesity, mitral valve prolapse, presence of GERD, Hypertension, anxiety or depression, and drinks (eg. red wine, very hot or cold liquid or fluid).

If left untreated, most patient are symptom free over the course of time. Very few case report of progression to achalasia and nut cracker esophagus.

The diagnostic study of choice for DES is manometry.

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Diffuse esophageal spasm from Other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X-ray

Ultrasound

CT scan

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

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