Diabetic foot epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
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*In 1987, Borch-Johnsen et al. described a [[male]] preponderance for the development of severe [[Microvascular disease|microvascular]] [[Complication (medicine)|complications]] and [[diabetic foot]] [[disease]] is not an exception to this rule.<ref name="pmid2956021">{{cite journal| author=Borch-Johnsen K, Nissen H, Salling N, Henriksen E, Kreiner S, Deckert T et al.| title=The natural history of insulin-dependent diabetes in Denmark: 2. Long-term survival--who and why. | journal=Diabet Med | year= 1987 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 211-6 | pmid=2956021 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2956021 }} </ref> <ref name="pmid9448554">{{cite journal| author=Lavery LA, Armstrong DG, Vela SA, Quebedeaux TL, Fleischli JG| title=Practical criteria for screening patients at high risk for diabetic foot ulceration. | journal=Arch Intern Med | year= 1998 | volume= 158 | issue= 2 | pages= 157-62 | pmid=9448554 | doi=10.1001/archinte.158.2.157 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9448554 }} </ref> | *In 1987, Borch-Johnsen et al. described a [[male]] preponderance for the development of severe [[Microvascular disease|microvascular]] [[Complication (medicine)|complications]] and [[diabetic foot]] [[disease]] is not an exception to this rule.<ref name="pmid2956021">{{cite journal| author=Borch-Johnsen K, Nissen H, Salling N, Henriksen E, Kreiner S, Deckert T et al.| title=The natural history of insulin-dependent diabetes in Denmark: 2. Long-term survival--who and why. | journal=Diabet Med | year= 1987 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 211-6 | pmid=2956021 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2956021 }} </ref> <ref name="pmid9448554">{{cite journal| author=Lavery LA, Armstrong DG, Vela SA, Quebedeaux TL, Fleischli JG| title=Practical criteria for screening patients at high risk for diabetic foot ulceration. | journal=Arch Intern Med | year= 1998 | volume= 158 | issue= 2 | pages= 157-62 | pmid=9448554 | doi=10.1001/archinte.158.2.157 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9448554 }} </ref> | ||
*For unknown reasons, [[male|men]] have a higher risk of [[diabetic foot]] [[disease]] compared to [[female|women]].<ref name="pmid25543864">{{cite journal| author=Assaad-Khalil SH, Zaki A, Abdel Rehim A, Megallaa MH, Gaber N, Gamal H | display-authors=etal| title=Prevalence of diabetic foot disorders and related risk factors among Egyptian subjects with diabetes. | journal=Prim Care Diabetes | year= 2015 | volume= 9 | issue= 4 | pages= 297-303 | pmid=25543864 | doi=10.1016/j.pcd.2014.10.010 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25543864 }} </ref> | *For unknown reasons, [[male|men]] have a higher risk of [[diabetic foot]] [[disease]] compared to [[female|women]].<ref name="pmid25685277">{{cite journal| author=Yazdanpanah L, Nasiri M, Adarvishi S| title=Literature review on the management of diabetic foot ulcer. | journal=World J Diabetes | year= 2015 | volume= 6 | issue= 1 | pages= 37-53 | pmid=25685277 | doi=10.4239/wjd.v6.i1.37 | pmc=4317316 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25685277 }} </ref><ref name="pmid25543864">{{cite journal| author=Assaad-Khalil SH, Zaki A, Abdel Rehim A, Megallaa MH, Gaber N, Gamal H | display-authors=etal| title=Prevalence of diabetic foot disorders and related risk factors among Egyptian subjects with diabetes. | journal=Prim Care Diabetes | year= 2015 | volume= 9 | issue= 4 | pages= 297-303 | pmid=25543864 | doi=10.1016/j.pcd.2014.10.010 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25543864 }} </ref> | ||
*Few possible explanations could be the higher [[bioavailability]] of [[nitric oxide]] ([[nitric oxide|NO]]), higher responsiveness to [[nitric oxide|NO]] and the protective role of [[estrogen]] in [[females|women]]. <ref name="pmid12538427">{{cite journal| author=Gladwin MT, Schechter AN, Ognibene FP, Coles WA, Reiter CD, Schenke WH et al.| title=Divergent nitric oxide bioavailability in men and women with sickle cell disease. | journal=Circulation | year= 2003 | volume= 107 | issue= 2 | pages= 271-8 | pmid=12538427 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12538427 }} </ref>. However the beneficial effect of these factors could be reversed by [[diabetes]] itself | *Few possible explanations could be the higher [[bioavailability]] of [[nitric oxide]] ([[nitric oxide|NO]]), higher responsiveness to [[nitric oxide|NO]] and the protective role of [[estrogen]] in [[females|women]]. <ref name="pmid12538427">{{cite journal| author=Gladwin MT, Schechter AN, Ognibene FP, Coles WA, Reiter CD, Schenke WH et al.| title=Divergent nitric oxide bioavailability in men and women with sickle cell disease. | journal=Circulation | year= 2003 | volume= 107 | issue= 2 | pages= 271-8 | pmid=12538427 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12538427 }} </ref>. However the beneficial effect of these factors could be reversed by [[diabetes]] itself and irrespective of the [[Menopause|menopausal status]] of [[female]] [[patients]]. | ||
===Region=== | ===Region=== | ||
*Highest [[prevelance]] of [[diabetic foot]] has been reported in North America.<ref name="pmid27585063">{{cite journal| author=Zhang P, Lu J, Jing Y, Tang S, Zhu D, Bi Y| title=Global epidemiology of diabetic foot ulceration: a systematic review and meta-analysis †. | journal=Ann Med | year= 2017 | volume= 49 | issue= 2 | pages= 106-116 | pmid=27585063 | doi=10.1080/07853890.2016.1231932 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27585063 }} </ref> | *Highest [[prevelance]] of [[diabetic foot]] has been reported in North America.<ref name="pmid27585063">{{cite journal| author=Zhang P, Lu J, Jing Y, Tang S, Zhu D, Bi Y| title=Global epidemiology of diabetic foot ulceration: a systematic review and meta-analysis †. | journal=Ann Med | year= 2017 | volume= 49 | issue= 2 | pages= 106-116 | pmid=27585063 | doi=10.1080/07853890.2016.1231932 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27585063 }} </ref> | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Anahita Deylamsalehi, M.D.[2] Vishnu Vardhan Serla M.B.B.S. [3] Usama Talib, BSc, MD [4]
Overview
The incidence of active diabetic foot ulcers is approximately 630 per 100,000 diabetic individuals world wide. According to an other estimate the incidence of diabetic foot ulcers is approximately 1500 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. The prevalence of diabetic foot ulcers has been estimated roughly 6.3% worldwide. The prevalence of active diabetic foot ulcers in United Kingdom is approximately 170 per 100,000 individuals. The 5 year risk of mortality in diabetic patients with a foot ulcer is 2.5 times higher than diabetic patients without a foot ulcer. Some data report a mortality rate of 2.8% among diabetic patients per each year. Diabetic foot ulcer is more common in older ages and has a higher incidence in men. White people develop diabetic peripheral neuropathy more frequently. Highest prevalence of diabetic foot has been reported in North America and lowest prevalence has been reported in Oceania.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Incidence
- The incidence of diabetic foot ulcer is approximately 630 per 100,000 diabetic individuals world wide.[1][2][3][4]
- According to an other estimate the incidence of diabetic foot ulcer is approximately 1500 per 100,000 individuals worldwide.[5]
- The incidence of active diabetic foot ulcers in the US veterans is approximately 500 per 100,000 individuals.[1][2][3][4]
- The incidence of active diabetic foot ulcers in United Kingdom is approximately 220 per 100,000 individuals.[1][2]
- Based on another study, up to 25% of diabetic patients develop diabetic foot within their disease period.[6]
- It is estimated that 2% to 3% of diabetic patients experience diabetic foot every year.[7][8]
Prevalence
- The prevalence of active diabetic foot ulcers in United Kingdom is approximately 170 per 100,000 individuals.[1][2]
- Based on a cohort study which studied 310 patients with type 2 diabetes, diabetic foot prevelance was found to be 18.1%.[9]
- In a study done on a diabetic population in Ethiopia, prevalence of diabetic foot ulcer has been estimated 13.6% with a 95% confidence interval (9.3-17.2) among 279 diabetic patients who attend a diabetic clinic.[10]
- Prevalence of diabetic foot have been reported 51.8% based on a community based cross-sectional study which evaluated 620 diabetic patients in rural areas of India.[11]
- The following table is a summary of prevalence of diabetic foot globally and in different regions:[3]
| Region | Prevalence of diabetic foot | 95% Confidence interval |
|---|---|---|
| Global | 6.3% | 5.4–7.3% |
| North America | 13.0% | 10.0–15.9% |
| Asia | 5.5% | 4.6–6.4% |
| Europe | 5.1% | 4.1–6.0% |
| Africa | 7.2% | 5.1–9.3% |
| Oceania | 3.0% | 0.9–5.0% |
Mortality
- The 5 year risk of mortality in diabetic patients with a foot ulcer is 2.5 times higher than diabetic individuals without a foot ulcer.[1]
- Based on a study done in Spain mortality has been reported 28 among 1000 patients per year and the main cause (31.2%) was cardiovascular disease.[12]
Age
Based on a systematic review and metanalysis done on diabetes patients, diabetic foot was more common among older patients.[3][13]
Race
White people develop diabetic peripheral neuropathy more frequently.[14]
Gender
- In 1987, Borch-Johnsen et al. described a male preponderance for the development of severe microvascular complications and diabetic foot disease is not an exception to this rule.[15] [16]
- For unknown reasons, men have a higher risk of diabetic foot disease compared to women.[13][17]
- Few possible explanations could be the higher bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO), higher responsiveness to NO and the protective role of estrogen in women. [18]. However the beneficial effect of these factors could be reversed by diabetes itself and irrespective of the menopausal status of female patients.
Region
- Highest prevelance of diabetic foot has been reported in North America.[3]
- Lowest prevalence of diabetic foot has been reported in Oceania.
- Africa has higher prevalence of diabetic foot, compared to Asia and Europe.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Armstrong DG, Boulton AJM, Bus SA (2017). "Diabetic Foot Ulcers and Their Recurrence". N Engl J Med. 376 (24): 2367–2375. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1615439. PMID 28614678.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Abbott CA, Carrington AL, Ashe H, Bath S, Every LC, Griffiths J; et al. (2002). "The North-West Diabetes Foot Care Study: incidence of, and risk factors for, new diabetic foot ulceration in a community-based patient cohort". Diabet Med. 19 (5): 377–84. PMID 12027925.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Zhang P, Lu J, Jing Y, Tang S, Zhu D, Bi Y (2017). "Global epidemiology of diabetic foot ulceration: a systematic review and meta-analysis (†)". Ann Med. 49 (2): 106–116. doi:10.1080/07853890.2016.1231932. PMID 27585063.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Boyko EJ, Ahroni JH, Cohen V, Nelson KM, Heagerty PJ (2006). "Prediction of diabetic foot ulcer occurrence using commonly available clinical information: the Seattle Diabetic Foot Study". Diabetes Care. 29 (6): 1202–7. doi:10.2337/dc05-2031. PMID 16731996.
- ↑ Frykberg RG, Zgonis T, Armstrong DG, Driver VR, Giurini JM, Kravitz SR; et al. (2006). "Diabetic foot disorders. A clinical practice guideline (2006 revision)". J Foot Ankle Surg. 45 (5 Suppl): S1–66. doi:10.1016/S1067-2516(07)60001-5. PMID 17280936.
- ↑ Alavi A, Sibbald RG, Mayer D, Goodman L, Botros M, Armstrong DG; et al. (2014). "Diabetic foot ulcers: Part I. Pathophysiology and prevention". J Am Acad Dermatol. 70 (1): 1.e1–18, quiz 19-20. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2013.06.055. PMID 24355275.
- ↑ "Reorganized text". JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 141 (5): 428. 2015. doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2015.0540. PMID 25996397.
- ↑ Borssén B, Bergenheim T, Lithner F (1990). "The epidemiology of foot lesions in diabetic patients aged 15-50 years". Diabet Med. 7 (5): 438–44. doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.1990.tb01420.x. PMID 2142042.
- ↑ Almobarak AO, Awadalla H, Osman M, Ahmed MH (2017). "Prevalence of diabetic foot ulceration and associated risk factors: an old and still major public health problem in Khartoum, Sudan?". Ann Transl Med. 5 (17): 340. doi:10.21037/atm.2017.07.01. PMC 5599292. PMID 28936434.
- ↑ Mariam TG, Alemayehu A, Tesfaye E, Mequannt W, Temesgen K, Yetwale F; et al. (2017). "Prevalence of Diabetic Foot Ulcer and Associated Factors among Adult Diabetic Patients Who Attend the Diabetic Follow-Up Clinic at the University of Gondar Referral Hospital, North West Ethiopia, 2016: Institutional-Based Cross-Sectional Study". J Diabetes Res. 2017: 2879249. doi:10.1155/2017/2879249. PMC 5534295. PMID 28791310.
- ↑ Vibha SP, Kulkarni MM, Kirthinath Ballala AB, Kamath A, Maiya GA (2018). "Community based study to assess the prevalence of diabetic foot syndrome and associated risk factors among people with diabetes mellitus". BMC Endocr Disord. 18 (1): 43. doi:10.1186/s12902-018-0270-2. PMC 6020220. PMID 29940924.
- ↑ Mundet X, Pou A, Piquer N, Sanmartin MI, Tarruella M, Gimbert R; et al. (2008). "Prevalence and incidence of chronic complications and mortality in a cohort of type 2 diabetic patients in Spain". Prim Care Diabetes. 2 (3): 135–40. doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2008.05.001. PMID 18779037.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Yazdanpanah L, Nasiri M, Adarvishi S (2015). "Literature review on the management of diabetic foot ulcer". World J Diabetes. 6 (1): 37–53. doi:10.4239/wjd.v6.i1.37. PMC 4317316. PMID 25685277.
- ↑ Wang W, Balamurugan A, Biddle J, Rollins KM (2011). "Diabetic neuropathy status and the concerns in underserved rural communities: challenges and opportunities for diabetes educators". Diabetes Educ. 37 (4): 536–48. doi:10.1177/0145721711410717. PMID 21750334.
- ↑ Borch-Johnsen K, Nissen H, Salling N, Henriksen E, Kreiner S, Deckert T; et al. (1987). "The natural history of insulin-dependent diabetes in Denmark: 2. Long-term survival--who and why". Diabet Med. 4 (3): 211–6. PMID 2956021.
- ↑ Lavery LA, Armstrong DG, Vela SA, Quebedeaux TL, Fleischli JG (1998). "Practical criteria for screening patients at high risk for diabetic foot ulceration". Arch Intern Med. 158 (2): 157–62. doi:10.1001/archinte.158.2.157. PMID 9448554.
- ↑ Assaad-Khalil SH, Zaki A, Abdel Rehim A, Megallaa MH, Gaber N, Gamal H; et al. (2015). "Prevalence of diabetic foot disorders and related risk factors among Egyptian subjects with diabetes". Prim Care Diabetes. 9 (4): 297–303. doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2014.10.010. PMID 25543864.
- ↑ Gladwin MT, Schechter AN, Ognibene FP, Coles WA, Reiter CD, Schenke WH; et al. (2003). "Divergent nitric oxide bioavailability in men and women with sickle cell disease". Circulation. 107 (2): 271–8. PMID 12538427.