Diabetes mellitus: Difference between revisions
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Diagnostic criteria for DM are: | Diagnostic criteria for DM are: | ||
*Symptoms of diabetes plus random blood glucose concentration ≥11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL)<sup>†</sup> '''OR''' | *Symptoms of diabetes plus random blood glucose concentration ≥11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL)<sup>†</sup> '''OR''' | ||
*Fasting plasma glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL)<sup>‡</sup> '''OR''' | *[[Fasting plasma glucose]] ≥7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL)<sup>‡</sup> '''OR''' | ||
*Hemoglobin A1c ≥ 6.5% '''OR''' | *[[Hemoglobin A1c]] ≥ 6.5% '''OR''' | ||
*2-h plasma glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) during an oral glucose tolerance test<sup>¶</sup> | *2-h [[plasma glucose]] ≥11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) during an [[oral glucose tolerance test]]<sup>¶</sup> | ||
<br>Note:<br> | <br>Note:<br> | ||
<small> | <small> |
Revision as of 21:19, 7 March 2017
Diabetes mellitus Main page |
Patient Information |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [2]
Synonyms and keywords: Diabetes; DM
Overview
Diabetes mellitus (DM) refers to a spectrum of disorders with different metabolic changes that result in hyperglycemia as a common feature. It is caused by interaction of environmental agents in a genetically susceptible person. The metabolic disarrangement that may result in hyperglycemia will define the pathologic feature of each types of DM. Decreased insulin secretion, insulin resistance, decreased glucose utilization and increased glucose production are the main metabolic dysregulations that are known to cause hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia may cause secondary changes in metabolic arrangement in different systems and it can involve every organ systems. DM is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), nontraumatic lower extremity amputations, and adult blindness worldwide and, early diagnosis and treatment can result in significant decrease in mortality and morbidity. The incidence of diabetes has been increasing constantly. According to WHO reports 346 million people worldwide have diabetes and it is projected to double by 2030. It's prevalence is more in developed countries but the death occurring due to it is commoner in developing world. The prevalence of diabetes type 2 is more common than type 1 diabetes. Diabetes can cause many complications. Acute complications (hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis or nonketotic hyperosmolar coma) may occur if the disease is not adequately controlled. Serious long-term complications include macrovascular (coronary heart disease, peripheral arterial disease and cerebrovascular disease), microvascular (retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy) and other organ involvement (gastrointestinal, genitourinary, dermatologic, infectious, cataracts, glaucoma, periodontal disease and hearing loss). The main goals of treatment are:
- Eliminate hyperglycemic symptoms
- Control the long term complications
- Improve the patient's quality of life
Classification
Diabetes mellitus is classified in to 3 types based on pathogenic process that lead to hyperglycemia.
Differential diagnosis
Disease | History and symptoms | Laboratory findings | Additional findings | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Polyuria | Polydipsia | Polyphagia | Weight loss | Weight gain | Serum glucose | Urinary Glucose | Urine PH | Serum Sodium | Urinary Glucose | 24 hrs cortisol level | C-peptide level | Serum glucagon | ||
Type 1 Diabetes mellitus | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | - | ↑ | ↑ | Normal | Normal | N/↑ | Normal | ↓ | Normal | Auto antibodies present (Anti GAD-65 and anti insulin anti bodies) |
Type 2 Diabetes mellitus | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | - | ↑ | ↑ | Normal | Normal | ↑ | Normal | Normal | ↑ | Acanthosis nigricans |
MODY | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | - | ✔ | ↑ | ↑ | Normal | Normal | ↑ | Normal | Normal | N | - |
Psychogenic polydipsia | ✔ | ✔ | - | - | - | Normal | Normal | Normal | ↓ | Normal | Normal | Normal | Normal | - |
Diabetes insipidus | ✔ | ✔ | - | - | - | Normal | Normal | Normal | ↑ | Normal | Normal | Normal | Normal | - |
Transient hyperglycemia | - | - | - | - | - | ↑ | ↑ | Normal | Normal | ↑ | Normal | Normal | N/↑ | In hospitalized patients especially in ICU and CCU |
Steroid therapy | ✔ | - | - | - | ✔ | ↑ | ↑ | Normal | Normal | ↑ | ↑ | N/↑ | N/↑ | Acanthosis nigricans, |
RTA 1 | - | - | - | ✔ | - | Normal | Normal | ↑ | Normal | ↑ | Normal | Normal | Normal | Hypokalemia, nephrolithiasis |
Glucagonoma | - | - | - | - | - | ↑ | Normal | Normal | Normal | - | Normal | Normal | ↑ | Necrolytic migratory erythema |
Cushing syndrome | - | - | - | - | ✔ | ↑ | - | Normal | ↓ | N/↑ | ↑ | Normal | Normal | Moon face, obesity, buffalo hump, easy bruisibility |
Diagnosis
A fasting plasma glucose (FPG) <5.6 mmol/L (100 mg/dL), a plasma glucose <140 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) following an oral glucose challenge and an HbA1c <5.7% are considered to define normal glucose tolerance.
Diagnostic criteria for DM are:
- Symptoms of diabetes plus random blood glucose concentration ≥11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL)† OR
- Fasting plasma glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL)‡ OR
- Hemoglobin A1c ≥ 6.5% OR
- 2-h plasma glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) during an oral glucose tolerance test¶
Note:
†:Random is defined as without regard to time since the last meal.
‡:Fasting is defined as no caloric intake for at least 8 h.
¶:The test should be performed using a glucose load containing the equivalent of 75 g anhydrous glucose dissolved in water, not recommended for routine clinical use.