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{{Delayed puberty}} | {{Delayed puberty}} | ||
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{EG}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Studying the archaic humans in ''Pleistocene'' (i.e., greater than 10,000 years ago), it assumed that [[puberty]] was correlated with [[productivity]] in females. The age of [[menarche]] was between 7 and 13 years. Researchers have found that in a [[Turkana Boy|Turkana boy]] (from the species of '''''[[Homo erectus]]''''') from 1.6 million years ago, the [[puberty]] was earlier than today humans; however, their final [[height]] was more than modern humans. The discovery and growth of agriculture in the archaic world is the main reason for delaying [[puberty]] age, through a negative impact on child [[growth]]. Agricultural communities in contrast with hunter-gatherer communities experienced the tougher lifestyle and rose with many [[nutrition]] deficits that may lead to their delayed [[puberty]]. Regarding that [[Lifestyle|lifestyle]] was growing and the complexity of societies was increasing in the past, the process of becoming an adult from a child was prolonged which resulted in delayed [[puberty]]. | |||
==Historical Perspective== | ==Historical Perspective== | ||
===The major theories about puberty=== | ===The major theories about puberty over history=== | ||
{{Family tree/start}} | {{Family tree/start}} | ||
{{Family tree | | | | A01 | | | |A01= '''Theories'''}} | {{Family tree | | | | A01 | | | |A01= '''Theories of puberty'''}} | ||
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }} | {{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }} | ||
{{ | {{familytree | boxstyle= text-align: Center; | | | |B01|-|B02|-|B03|B01='''''Granville Stanley Hall'''''<ref>{{cite journal|title=Adolescence: Its Psychology and Its Relation to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion and Education.G. Stanley Hall, Ph. D., LL. D., President of Clark University and Professor of Psychology and Pedagogy. (New York : D. Appleton and Company, 1904.)|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=61|issue=2|year=1904|pages=375–381|issn=0002-953X|doi=10.1176/ajp.61.2.375}}</ref> <br> 1844-1924|B02= '''Biogenetic psychologic theory'''|B03= • First [[psychologist]] that describe the [[puberty]] and [[adolescence]] scientifically. <br>• Describes the period as '''"storm and stress"''' period. <br>• A new birth, "for the higher and more completely human traits are now born" <br>• The period is corresponding to the last stage of development- Maturity. | ||
| boxstyle_B02= text-align: Center; | |||
| boxstyle_B03= text-align: left; | |||
}} | |||
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }} | {{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }} | ||
{{ | {{familytree | boxstyle= text-align: Center; | | | |B01|-|B02|-|B03|B01= '''''Sigmund Freud'''''<ref>{{cite book | last = Muuss | first = Rolf | title = Theories of adolescence | publisher = McGraw-Hill | location = New York | year = 1996 | isbn = 0070442673 }}</ref> <br> 1856-1939|B02= '''Psychoanalytic theory'''|B03= • This stage of life could be seen phylogenetically. <br>• The developmental stages of psychosexuality are completely defined by genetic factors and are not dependent to the environmental issues. <br> • A holistic pathway influenced by social, emotional, and also behavioral situations. | ||
| boxstyle_B02= text-align: Center; | |||
| boxstyle_B03= text-align: left; | |||
}} | |||
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }} | {{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }} | ||
{{ | {{familytree | boxstyle= text-align: Center; | | | |B01|-|B02|-|B03|B01= '''''Eduard Spranger'''''<ref> {{Citation | author1=Spranger, Eduard | author2=Pigors, Paul John William, 1900- | title=Types of men : the psychology and ethics of personality | publication-date=1966 | publisher=(Saale) M. Niemeyer, 1928 | url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/16286967 | accessdate=29 August 2017 }}</ref> <br> 1882-1963|B02= '''Philosophy of culture theory'''|B03= • Describes the [[adolescence]] period and [[puberty]] as a distinct stage of life with its specific characteristics. <br>• The [[puberty]] is the age that disorganized mental structure of the child transits to maturity.<br>• The "dominant value direction" of the [[adolescent]] would be the main [[personality]] identifier. | ||
| boxstyle_B02= text-align: Center; | |||
| boxstyle_B03= text-align: left; | |||
}} | |||
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }} | {{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }} | ||
{{ | {{familytree | boxstyle= text-align: Center; | | | |B01|-|B02|-|B03|B01= '''''Otto Rank'''''<ref>{{cite journal|title=Rank, O. Will therapy & Truth and reality. New York: Knopf, 1945. Pp. 307. $3.00|journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology|volume=2|issue=2|year=1946|pages=199–199|issn=00219762|doi=10.1002/1097-4679(194604)2:2<199::AID-JCLP2270020220>3.0.CO;2-L}}</ref> | ||
<br> 1884-1939| | <br> 1884-1939|B02= '''Independence theory'''|B03= • Criticize the major role of sexuality, and suggested '''''"will"''''' as the main controller of sexuality. <br>• The main part of [[puberty]] is to change from dependence to independence. <br>• Beginning of the [[puberty]], the [[adolescent]] start to struggle with dependency, both externally (parents, society, and laws) and internally (cravings as instinctual urges). <br>• No need to externally limit or inhibit sexualism, through which the [[adolescent]] is finding independence in front of biological needs' dominance. | ||
| boxstyle_B02= text-align: Center; | |||
| boxstyle_B03= text-align: left; | |||
}} | |||
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }} | {{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }} | ||
{{ | {{familytree | boxstyle= text-align: Center; | | | |B01|-|B02|-|B03|B01= '''''Leta Hollingworth'''''<ref> {{Citation | title=The psychology of the [[adolescent]], by Leta S. Hollingworth | author1=Hollingworth, Leta S. (Leta Stetter), 1886-1939 | publisher=D. Appleton and Company | language=English}} </ref> <br> 1886-1939|B02= '''Continuity of development theory'''|B03= • Believes that [[puberty]] is based on continuity and progresses gradually, not through distinct stages. <br>• Biological and social changes during [[puberty]] are not correlated. | ||
| boxstyle_B02= text-align: Center; | |||
| boxstyle_B03= text-align: left; | |||
}} | |||
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }} | {{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }} | ||
{{ | {{familytree | boxstyle= text-align: Center; | | | |B01|-|B02|-|B03|B01= '''''Anna Freud'''''<ref>{{cite book | last = Freud | first = Anna | title = The ego and the mechanisms of defense | publisher = Hogarth P. for the Institute of Psycho-Analysis | location = London | year = 1968 | isbn = 9780701201050 }} </ref> <br> 1895-1982|B02= '''Defense mechanism theory'''|B03= • The most important factor in the formation of person's character is [[puberty]]. <br>• Normal progression may encounter the obstacle, in which id ([[superego]]) is overriding the [[ego]]. <br>• The defense mechanisms of [[ego]] against id are the main determinant of [[puberty]] process and outcome. | ||
| boxstyle_B02= text-align: Center; | |||
| boxstyle_B03= text-align: left; | |||
}} | |||
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }} | {{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }} | ||
{{ | {{familytree | boxstyle= text-align: Center; | | | |B01|-|B02|-|B03|B01= '''''Jean Piaget'''''<ref> {{cite book | last = Piaget | first = Jean | title = The psychology of intelligence | publisher = Routledge | location = London New York | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-0415254014 }}</ref> <br> 1896-1980|B02= '''Cognitive theory'''|B03= • The main step in [[puberty]] is growing of logical thinking. <br>• The final stage of egocentrism happens at [[puberty]], transitioning from childhood to adulthood. | ||
| boxstyle_B02= text-align: Center; | |||
| boxstyle_B03= text-align: left; | |||
}} | |||
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }} | {{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }} | ||
{{ | {{familytree | boxstyle= text-align: Center; | | | |B01|-|B02|-|B03|B01= '''''Erik Erikson'''''<ref>{{cite book | last = Erikson | first = Erik | title = Identity, youth, and crisis | publisher = W.W. Norton | location = New York | year = 1968 | isbn = 978-0393311440 }}</ref> <br> 1902-1994 |B02= '''Identity development theory'''|B03= • Assumes that the most important issue during the period of adolescent is identity crisis. <br>• The [[adolescent]] has to find the identity, himself/herself, through evaluating the capabilities and weaknesses, and also the way they can be used. <br>• In a person fails to find a stable identity, it may lead him/her to self-doubt and role confusion. | ||
| boxstyle_B02= text-align: Center; | |||
| boxstyle_B03= text-align: left; | |||
}} | |||
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }} | {{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }} | ||
{{ | {{familytree | boxstyle= text-align: Center; | | | |B01|-|B02|-|B03|B01= '''''Roger Barker'''''<ref name="urlAdjustment to Physical Handicap and Illness: A Survey of the Social Psychology of Physique and Disability : Roger G. Barker, Beatrice A. Wright, Mollie R. Gonick : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/adjustmenttophys00roge |title=Adjustment to Physical Handicap and Illness: A Survey of the Social Psychology of Physique and Disability : Roger G. Barker, Beatrice A. Wright, Mollie R. Gonick : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> <br> 1903-1990|B02= '''Somatopsychological theory'''|B03= • Evaluates the influence of [[physiological]] changes on behavior by [[puberty]].<br>• These changes are in body dimensions and hormonal secretion, that experience accelerated speed during [[adolescence]]. <br>• These physical changes allow the [[adolescent]]s to present in adult communities, and therefore improving behaviors and beliefs. | ||
| boxstyle_B02= text-align: Center; | |||
| boxstyle_B03= text-align: left; | |||
}} | |||
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }} | {{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }} | ||
{{ | {{familytree | boxstyle= text-align: Center; | | | |B01|-|B02|-|B03|B01= '''''James Marcia'''''<ref name="Marcia1967">{{cite journal|last1=Marcia|first1=James E.|title=Ego identity status: relationship to change in self-esteem, "general maladjustment," and authoritarianism1|journal=Journal of Personality|volume=35|issue=1|year=1967|pages=118–133|issn=0022-3506|doi=10.1111/j.1467-6494.1967.tb01419.x}}</ref> | ||
<br> 1930s-Now | | <br> 1930s-Now |B02= '''Identity status theory'''|B03= • Describes identity as "an internal, self-constructed, dynamic organization of drives, abilities, beliefs and individual history". <br>• The more the person is going through [[puberty]], the more he/she stabilizes the identity. | ||
| boxstyle_B02= text-align: Center; | |||
| boxstyle_B03= text-align: left; | |||
}} | |||
{{Family tree/end}} | {{Family tree/end}} | ||
* In 1904, Hall described the puberty as "'''''storm and stress'''''" period. The stage assumed to consist of oppositional and emotionally labile characteristics in [[Adolescent|adolescents]]. The future adulthood [[Quality of life|life quality]] is related to and also influenced from this period outline | |||
* In 1958, Anna Freud showed that some [[biological]] and [[physiological]] changes during the [[puberty]] are the main factors contributing to "'''''storm and stress'''''". | |||
* In 1999, Bogin | |||
* After studying the archaic humans in ''Pleistocene'' (i.e., greater than 10,000 years ago), it was assumed that [[puberty]] was correlated with [[productivity]] in females. The age of [[menarche]] was between 7 and 13 years. | |||
* Researchers have found that in a [[Turkana Boy|Turkana boy]] (from the species of '''''[[Homo erectus]]''''') from 1.6 million years ago, the [[puberty]] was earlier than today humans; however, their final [[height]] was more than modern humans. | |||
*The discovery and growth of agriculture in the archaic world is the main reason for delaying [[puberty]] age, through a negative impact on child [[growth]]. Agricultural communities in contrast with hunter-gatherer communities experienced a tougher lifestyle and rose with so many [[nutrition]] deficits; that may lead to their delayed [[puberty]]. | |||
*On the other hand, the more crowded life of agricultural communities, compared with hunter-gatherers, made them more vulnerable to [[infections]], especially [[zoonoses]]. Therefore, child [[mortality rate]] was raised and conclusively the [[puberty]] age was delayed, based on "'''''[[life history theory]]'''''". | |||
*As the [[Lifestyle|lifestyle]] was improving and the complexity of societies was increasing in the past, the process of becoming an adult from a child was prolonged which resulted in delayed [[puberty]]. | |||
*Over the last 150 years, the [[menarche]] age has lowered, due to the improvement of [[hygiene]], [[nutrition]], and [[infection control]]. On the other hand, the role of adolescents in society and concluded expectations are increased; therefore, the [[maturation]] necessitated so many qualifications to gather and is delayed more and more. Nowadays, it is the first time in our history that biological [[maturation]] becomes well preceded from social [[maturation]]. It may encounter the [[adolescents]] to much more pressure, need to reevaluate the place of [[adolescents]] in modern life. | |||
*In 1904, Hall described the puberty as "'''''storm and stress'''''" period. The stage assumed to consist of oppositional and emotionally labile characteristics in [[Adolescent|adolescents]]. The future adulthood [[Quality of life|life quality]] is significantly related to and also influenced from this period outline. | |||
* In 1958, Anna Freud showed that some [[biological]] and [[physiological]] changes during the [[puberty]] are the main factors contributing to "'''''storm and stress'''''". | |||
* In 1999, Bogin demonstrated that in human beings the time of [[maturation]] and [[puberty]] is later than other apes; which is due to more complicated childhood [[growth]] process. The suggested age of [[maturation]] in [[chimpanzee]] was 3 years earlier than humans. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
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{{WS}} | |||
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[[Category:Disease]] | [[Category:Disease]] | ||
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[[Category:Pediatrics]] | |||
[[Category:Endocrinology]] | [[Category:Endocrinology]] | ||
[[Category:Mature chapter]] | |||
[[Category:Developmental biology]] | |||
[[Category:Sexuality and age]] | |||
[[Category:Sexual health]] | |||
[[Category:Growth disorders]] | |||
[[Category:Congenital disorders]] | |||
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Latest revision as of 21:15, 29 July 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [2]
Overview
Studying the archaic humans in Pleistocene (i.e., greater than 10,000 years ago), it assumed that puberty was correlated with productivity in females. The age of menarche was between 7 and 13 years. Researchers have found that in a Turkana boy (from the species of Homo erectus) from 1.6 million years ago, the puberty was earlier than today humans; however, their final height was more than modern humans. The discovery and growth of agriculture in the archaic world is the main reason for delaying puberty age, through a negative impact on child growth. Agricultural communities in contrast with hunter-gatherer communities experienced the tougher lifestyle and rose with many nutrition deficits that may lead to their delayed puberty. Regarding that lifestyle was growing and the complexity of societies was increasing in the past, the process of becoming an adult from a child was prolonged which resulted in delayed puberty.
Historical Perspective
The major theories about puberty over history
| Theories of puberty | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Granville Stanley Hall[1] 1844-1924 | Biogenetic psychologic theory | • First psychologist that describe the puberty and adolescence scientifically. • Describes the period as "storm and stress" period. • A new birth, "for the higher and more completely human traits are now born" • The period is corresponding to the last stage of development- Maturity. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sigmund Freud[2] 1856-1939 | Psychoanalytic theory | • This stage of life could be seen phylogenetically. • The developmental stages of psychosexuality are completely defined by genetic factors and are not dependent to the environmental issues. • A holistic pathway influenced by social, emotional, and also behavioral situations. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Eduard Spranger[3] 1882-1963 | Philosophy of culture theory | • Describes the adolescence period and puberty as a distinct stage of life with its specific characteristics. • The puberty is the age that disorganized mental structure of the child transits to maturity. • The "dominant value direction" of the adolescent would be the main personality identifier. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Otto Rank[4]
1884-1939 | Independence theory | • Criticize the major role of sexuality, and suggested "will" as the main controller of sexuality. • The main part of puberty is to change from dependence to independence. • Beginning of the puberty, the adolescent start to struggle with dependency, both externally (parents, society, and laws) and internally (cravings as instinctual urges). • No need to externally limit or inhibit sexualism, through which the adolescent is finding independence in front of biological needs' dominance. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Leta Hollingworth[5] 1886-1939 | Continuity of development theory | • Believes that puberty is based on continuity and progresses gradually, not through distinct stages. • Biological and social changes during puberty are not correlated. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Anna Freud[6] 1895-1982 | Defense mechanism theory | • The most important factor in the formation of person's character is puberty. • Normal progression may encounter the obstacle, in which id (superego) is overriding the ego. • The defense mechanisms of ego against id are the main determinant of puberty process and outcome. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Jean Piaget[7] 1896-1980 | Cognitive theory | • The main step in puberty is growing of logical thinking. • The final stage of egocentrism happens at puberty, transitioning from childhood to adulthood. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Erik Erikson[8] 1902-1994 | Identity development theory | • Assumes that the most important issue during the period of adolescent is identity crisis. • The adolescent has to find the identity, himself/herself, through evaluating the capabilities and weaknesses, and also the way they can be used. • In a person fails to find a stable identity, it may lead him/her to self-doubt and role confusion. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Roger Barker[9] 1903-1990 | Somatopsychological theory | • Evaluates the influence of physiological changes on behavior by puberty. • These changes are in body dimensions and hormonal secretion, that experience accelerated speed during adolescence. • These physical changes allow the adolescents to present in adult communities, and therefore improving behaviors and beliefs. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| James Marcia[10]
1930s-Now | Identity status theory | • Describes identity as "an internal, self-constructed, dynamic organization of drives, abilities, beliefs and individual history". • The more the person is going through puberty, the more he/she stabilizes the identity. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
- After studying the archaic humans in Pleistocene (i.e., greater than 10,000 years ago), it was assumed that puberty was correlated with productivity in females. The age of menarche was between 7 and 13 years.
- Researchers have found that in a Turkana boy (from the species of Homo erectus) from 1.6 million years ago, the puberty was earlier than today humans; however, their final height was more than modern humans.
- The discovery and growth of agriculture in the archaic world is the main reason for delaying puberty age, through a negative impact on child growth. Agricultural communities in contrast with hunter-gatherer communities experienced a tougher lifestyle and rose with so many nutrition deficits; that may lead to their delayed puberty.
- On the other hand, the more crowded life of agricultural communities, compared with hunter-gatherers, made them more vulnerable to infections, especially zoonoses. Therefore, child mortality rate was raised and conclusively the puberty age was delayed, based on "life history theory".
- As the lifestyle was improving and the complexity of societies was increasing in the past, the process of becoming an adult from a child was prolonged which resulted in delayed puberty.
- Over the last 150 years, the menarche age has lowered, due to the improvement of hygiene, nutrition, and infection control. On the other hand, the role of adolescents in society and concluded expectations are increased; therefore, the maturation necessitated so many qualifications to gather and is delayed more and more. Nowadays, it is the first time in our history that biological maturation becomes well preceded from social maturation. It may encounter the adolescents to much more pressure, need to reevaluate the place of adolescents in modern life.
- In 1904, Hall described the puberty as "storm and stress" period. The stage assumed to consist of oppositional and emotionally labile characteristics in adolescents. The future adulthood life quality is significantly related to and also influenced from this period outline.
- In 1958, Anna Freud showed that some biological and physiological changes during the puberty are the main factors contributing to "storm and stress".
- In 1999, Bogin demonstrated that in human beings the time of maturation and puberty is later than other apes; which is due to more complicated childhood growth process. The suggested age of maturation in chimpanzee was 3 years earlier than humans.
References
- ↑ "Adolescence: Its Psychology and Its Relation to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion and Education.G. Stanley Hall, Ph. D., LL. D., President of Clark University and Professor of Psychology and Pedagogy. (New York : D. Appleton and Company, 1904.)". American Journal of Psychiatry. 61 (2): 375–381. 1904. doi:10.1176/ajp.61.2.375. ISSN 0002-953X.
- ↑ Muuss, Rolf (1996). Theories of adolescence. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0070442673.
- ↑ Spranger, Eduard; Pigors, Paul John William, 1900- (1966), Types of men : the psychology and ethics of personality, (Saale) M. Niemeyer, 1928, retrieved 29 August 2017
- ↑ "Rank, O. Will therapy & Truth and reality. New York: Knopf, 1945. Pp. 307. $3.00". Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2 (2): 199–199. 1946. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(194604)2:2<199::AID-JCLP2270020220>3.0.CO;2-L. ISSN 0021-9762.
- ↑ Hollingworth, Leta S. (Leta Stetter), 1886-1939, The psychology of the adolescent, by Leta S. Hollingworth, D. Appleton and Company
- ↑ Freud, Anna (1968). The ego and the mechanisms of defense. London: Hogarth P. for the Institute of Psycho-Analysis. ISBN 9780701201050.
- ↑ Piaget, Jean (2001). The psychology of intelligence. London New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415254014.
- ↑ Erikson, Erik (1968). Identity, youth, and crisis. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393311440.
- ↑ "Adjustment to Physical Handicap and Illness: A Survey of the Social Psychology of Physique and Disability : Roger G. Barker, Beatrice A. Wright, Mollie R. Gonick : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive".
- ↑ Marcia, James E. (1967). "Ego identity status: relationship to change in self-esteem, "general maladjustment," and authoritarianism1". Journal of Personality. 35 (1): 118–133. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1967.tb01419.x. ISSN 0022-3506.