Cyanosis pathophysiology: Difference between revisions

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***Low [[cardiac output]]
***Low [[cardiac output]]
***Vasomotor instability
***Vasomotor instability
**Factors can affect the development of [[cyanosis]]:
*Several factors can affect the development of cyanosis:
***[[Hemoglobin]] concentration
**Hemoglobin concentration
***[[Human skin color|Skin pigmentation]]
**Skin pigmentation
***Presence of abnormal [[Hemoglobin|hemoglobins]] interfering with [[oxygen]] [[Chemical affinity|affinity]]
**Presence of abnormal hemoglobins





Revision as of 19:26, 6 March 2018

Cyanosis Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chandrakala Yannam, MD [2]

Overview

The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood.

OR

It is thought that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].

OR

[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.

OR

Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.

OR


[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].

OR

The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].

OR

The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.

Pathophysiology

  • Cyanosis is a bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes.
  • Appearance of cyanosis depends on the absolute amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin(Hb) present in the blood rather than the ratio of reduced to oxygenated hemoglobin.[1][2]
  • According to Lundsgaard and Van Slyke (1923), as well as subsequent investigators, cyanosis is evident when the subpapillary capillaries contain from 4 to 6 gm/dl of deoxygenated hemoglobin and oxygenation of hemoglobin or oxygen saturation falls below 85%.[3]
  • Cyanosis occurs due to following mechanisms:
    • Systemic arterial oxygen desaturation.
      • Reduced arterial oxygenation can result if the amount of oxygen in the alveoli is lowered or if the gradient between the alveolar oxygen and the arterial oxygen is elevated.
    • Increased oxygen extraction by the tissues
  • Central cyanosis:
  • Peripheral cyanosis:
    • In peripheral cyanosis, systemic arterial oxygen saturation is normal.
    • Increased oxygen extraction by tissues causes wide systemic arteriovenous oxygen difference and increased deoxygenated blood on the venous side of the capillary beds.
    • The increased oxygen extraction by tissues results from the sluggish movement of blood through the capillary circulation.
    • Causes for reduced blood flow through capillary circulation include:
  • Several factors can affect the development of cyanosis:
    • Hemoglobin concentration
    • Skin pigmentation
    • Presence of abnormal hemoglobins


Genetics, Associated Conditions, Gross Pathology, Microscopic Pathology

For the details of the genetics, associated conditions, gross and microscopic pathology of the following causes of cyanosis, click the links below.


References

  1. Blount SG (May 1971). "Cyanosis: pathophysiology and differential diagnosis". Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 13 (6): 595–605. PMID 4933007.
  2. GERACI JE, WOOD EH (July 1951). "The relationship of the arterial oxygen saturation to cyanosis". Med. Clin. North Am. 1: 1185–1202. PMID 13098533.
  3. Lundsgaard C (September 1919). "STUDIES ON CYANOSIS : I. PRIMARY CAUSES OF CYANOSIS". J. Exp. Med. 30 (3): 259–69. PMC 2126682. PMID 19868357.

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