Chronic stable angina revascularization: Difference between revisions

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====Relief of Symptoms Refractory to medical Therapy====
====Relief of Symptoms Refractory to medical Therapy====
* Patients with symptoms uncontrolled by optimal medical therapy (see [[Chronic stable angina treatment#Pharmacotherapy|medical therapy]] for stable angina).
* Patients with symptoms uncontrolled by optimal medical therapy (see [[Chronic stable angina treatment#Pharmacotherapy|medical therapy]] for stable angina):
**The definition of inadequate response to medical therapy can be fairly broad and depend largely on the patient's lifestyle, occupation and expectations.
**The definition of inadequate response to medical therapy can be fairly broad and depend largely on the patient's lifestyle, occupation and expectations.
**At one extreme are patients who are limited by angina pectoris despite optimal drug treatments and lifestyle modifications, including achievement of optimal weight and cessation of smoking.
**At one extreme are patients who are limited by angina pectoris despite optimal drug treatments and lifestyle modifications, including achievement of optimal weight and cessation of smoking.

Revision as of 04:13, 21 November 2012

Chronic stable angina Microchapters

Acute Coronary Syndrome Main Page

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Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Classic
Chronic Stable Angina
Atypical
Walk through Angina
Mixed Angina
Nocturnal Angina
Postprandial Angina
Cardiac Syndrome X
Vasospastic Angina

Differentiating Chronic Stable Angina from Acute Coronary Syndromes

Pathophysiology

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Stratification

Pretest Probability of CAD in a Patient with Angina

Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Test Selection Guideline for the Individual Basis

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

Exercise ECG

Chest X Ray

Myocardial Perfusion Scintigraphy with Pharmacologic Stress

Myocardial Perfusion Scintigraphy with Thallium

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Positron Emission Tomography

Ambulatory ST Segment Monitoring

Electron Beam Tomography

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Coronary Angiography

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Revascularization

PCI
CABG
Hybrid Coronary Revascularization

Alternative Therapies for Refractory Angina

Transmyocardial Revascularization (TMR)
Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS)
Enhanced External Counter Pulsation (EECP)
ACC/AHA Guidelines for Alternative Therapies in patients with Refractory Angina

Discharge Care

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Secondary Prevention

Guidelines for Asymptomatic Patients

Noninvasive Testing in Asymptomatic Patients
Risk Stratification by Coronary Angiography
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Chronic stable angina revascularization On the Web

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Chronic stable angina revascularization in the news

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to Hospitals Treating Chronic stable angina revascularization

Risk calculators and risk factors for Chronic stable angina revascularization

Editors-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Phone:617-632-7753; Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]; Associate Editors-In-Chief: John Fani Srour, M.D.; Smita Kohli, M.D.; Rim Halaby

Overview

The goal of the treatment of chronic stable angina is to reduce the symptoms, delay the progression of atherosclerosis, and prevent cardiovascular events. In order to achieve these goals, life style modifications and medical therapy are the first line treatment. Revascularization is done to increase survival in specific conditions where the stenosis of the coronary arteries is anatomically and functionally significant and the symptoms are refractory to medical therapy. There are currently two well-established revascularization approaches for the treatment of chronic stable angina caused by coronary atherosclerosis: CABG and PCI. Since the introduction of coronary artery bypass surgery in 1967 and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) in 1977, research has supported the effective usage of both strategies for treatment of patients with chronic stable angina. However, as with any treatment method, both methodologies have weaknesses. The choice between PCI and CABG is based upon anatomy and other factors such as left ventricular function and the presence or absence of diabetes. In general, PTCA is reserved for single or some cases of two vessel disease, while CABG is reserved for patients with two or three vessel disease or left main disease. With the availability of drug-eluting stents, PCI is increasingly being performed for many lesions including more complex ones.

Revascularization Therapy

Indications for Revascularization Therapy

Increase Survival

Patients who would have a survival benefit from revascularization (PCI or CABG):

  • This depends on the location, severity, and number of lesions; the presence or absence of left ventricular dysfunction is an important factor as well.
    • More than 50% stenosis of the left main coronary:
      • CABG is indicated
      • PCI is not indicated when patients are good candidates for CABG or when the anatomy is not favorable.
    • More than 70% stenosis of three major coronary artery or proximal left anterior descending artery:
  • Survivals of sudden cardiac death secondary to ischemia induced tachycardia, where ischemia is caused by more than 70% stenosis of a major coronary artery:

Relief of Symptoms Refractory to medical Therapy

  • Patients with symptoms uncontrolled by optimal medical therapy (see medical therapy for stable angina):
    • The definition of inadequate response to medical therapy can be fairly broad and depend largely on the patient's lifestyle, occupation and expectations.
    • At one extreme are patients who are limited by angina pectoris despite optimal drug treatments and lifestyle modifications, including achievement of optimal weight and cessation of smoking.
    • At the other end are patients in whom we can consider medical therapy to have failed if control of angina pectoris requires higher doses of anti-anginal medications that cause side effects.
    • Survivors of sudden cardiac death or serious ventricular arrhythmia.
    • Symptoms and signs of heart failure.
    • Clinical features that suggest that the patient has a high likelihood of severe coronary artery disease.
  • Coronary angiography should be performed in the following settings:
    • More than 70% stenosis of a non left main artery or more than 50% stenosis of left main artery

Considerations

  • PCI should not be done in patients that will not be compliant with dual antiplatelet therapies.
  • Patients with diabetes and advanced three-vessel coronary artery disease have shown lower mortality and myocardial infarction rates and higher risk of strokes when undergoing CABG compared to PCI with drug eluting stents.[1]

Revascularization: Further Readings

You can read in greater detail about specific revascularization approaches for the treatment of chronic stable angina by clicking on the link below for that topic.

PCI | CABG | PCI vs CABG | ACC/AHA Guidelines for Revascularization

See Also

Guidelines Resources

  • The ACC/AHA/ACP–ASIM Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina [2]
  • The ACC/AHA 2002 Guideline Update for the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina [3]
  • The 2007 Chronic Angina Focused Update of the ACC/AHA 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina [4]

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Farkouh ME, Domanski M, Sleeper LA, Siami FS, Dangas G, Mack M; et al. (2012). "Strategies for Multivessel Revascularization in Patients with Diabetes". N Engl J Med. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1211585. PMID 23121323.
  2. Gibbons RJ, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Douglas JS, Fihn SD, Gardin JM et al. (1999) ACC/AHA/ACP-ASIM guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: executive summary and recommendations. A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Patients with Chronic Stable Angina). Circulation 99 (21):2829-48. PMID: 10351980
  3. Gibbons RJ, Abrams J, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Deedwania PC, Douglas JS et al. (2003) ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with chronic stable angina--summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina). Circulation 107 (1):149-58. PMID: 12515758
  4. Fraker TD, Fihn SD, Gibbons RJ, Abrams J, Chatterjee K, Daley J et al. (2007) 2007 chronic angina focused update of the ACC/AHA 2002 Guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Writing Group to develop the focused update of the 2002 Guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina. Circulation 116 (23):2762-72. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.187930 PMID: 17998462

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