Chronic diarrhea other diagnostic studies: Difference between revisions
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===Flexible sigmoidoscopy=== | ===Flexible sigmoidoscopy=== | ||
Flexible sigmoidoscopy can be used as an initial diagnostic tool in patients with chronic diarrhea who are pregnant or have significant comorbidities where a colonoscopy is contraindicated. Flexible sigmoidoscopy may however be sufficient in the diagnosis as long as biopsy samples are obtained for histologic evaluation even when the mucosa appears normal to rule out causes of chronic diarrhea such as microscopic colitis.<ref name="pmid20346452">{{cite journal| author=ASGE Standards of Practice Committee. Shen B, Khan K, Ikenberry SO, Anderson MA, Banerjee S et al.| title=The role of endoscopy in the management of patients with diarrhea. | journal=Gastrointest Endosc | year= 2010 | volume= 71 | issue= 6 | pages= 887-92 | pmid=20346452 | doi=10.1016/j.gie.2009.11.025 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20346452 }} </ref> | Flexible sigmoidoscopy can be used as an initial diagnostic tool in patients with chronic diarrhea who are pregnant or have significant comorbidities where a colonoscopy is contraindicated. Flexible sigmoidoscopy may however be sufficient in the diagnosis as long as biopsy samples are obtained for histologic evaluation even when the mucosa appears normal to rule out causes of chronic diarrhea such as microscopic colitis. There has been much debate over the appropriate endoscopic method for evaluating chronic diarrhea. Flexible sigmoidoscopy is less expensive, less invasive, with fewer complications than colonoscopy. However some cases might be missed if biopsy samples are only taken from the distal segment of the colon.<ref name="pmid20346452">{{cite journal| author=ASGE Standards of Practice Committee. Shen B, Khan K, Ikenberry SO, Anderson MA, Banerjee S et al.| title=The role of endoscopy in the management of patients with diarrhea. | journal=Gastrointest Endosc | year= 2010 | volume= 71 | issue= 6 | pages= 887-92 | pmid=20346452 | doi=10.1016/j.gie.2009.11.025 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20346452 }} </ref> | ||
===Colonoscopy=== | ===Colonoscopy=== | ||
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===Esophagogastroduodenoscopy=== | ===Esophagogastroduodenoscopy=== | ||
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) can be a useful in the evaluation of patients with IBD. Chron's disease can involve the esophagus,<ref name="pmid11383583">{{cite journal| author=Decker GA, Loftus EV, Pasha TM, Tremaine WJ, Sandborn WJ| title=Crohn's disease of the esophagus: clinical features and outcomes. | journal=Inflamm Bowel Dis | year= 2001 | volume= 7 | issue= 2 | pages= 113-9 | pmid=11383583 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11383583 }} </ref> stomach,<ref name="pmid16278730">{{cite journal| author=Kefalas CH| title=Gastroduodenal Crohn's disease. | journal=Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) | year= 2003 | volume= 16 | issue= 2 | pages= 147-51 | pmid=16278730 | doi= | pmc=1201000 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16278730 }} </ref> and duodenum.<ref name="pmid11374684">{{cite journal| author=Wahab PJ, Crusius JB, Meijer JW, Mulder CJ| title=Gluten challenge in borderline gluten-sensitive enteropathy. | journal=Am J Gastroenterol | year= 2001 | volume= 96 | issue= 5 | pages= 1464-9 | pmid=11374684 | doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.03812.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11374684 }} </ref> Duodenal biopsies have been found to show more granulomas (40%-68%) than do colon biopsies. | Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) can be a useful in the evaluation of patients with IBD. Chron's disease can involve the esophagus,<ref name="pmid11383583">{{cite journal| author=Decker GA, Loftus EV, Pasha TM, Tremaine WJ, Sandborn WJ| title=Crohn's disease of the esophagus: clinical features and outcomes. | journal=Inflamm Bowel Dis | year= 2001 | volume= 7 | issue= 2 | pages= 113-9 | pmid=11383583 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11383583 }} </ref> stomach,<ref name="pmid16278730">{{cite journal| author=Kefalas CH| title=Gastroduodenal Crohn's disease. | journal=Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) | year= 2003 | volume= 16 | issue= 2 | pages= 147-51 | pmid=16278730 | doi= | pmc=1201000 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16278730 }} </ref> and duodenum.<ref name="pmid11374684">{{cite journal| author=Wahab PJ, Crusius JB, Meijer JW, Mulder CJ| title=Gluten challenge in borderline gluten-sensitive enteropathy. | journal=Am J Gastroenterol | year= 2001 | volume= 96 | issue= 5 | pages= 1464-9 | pmid=11374684 | doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.03812.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11374684 }} </ref> Duodenal biopsies have been found to show more granulomas (40%-68%) than do colon biopsies. | ||
===Capsule endoscopy=== | |||
Capsule endoscopy allows for direct and minimally invasive visualization of small bowel mucosa.It has been used to identify superficial lesions not detected by traditional endoscopy and radiography. It might be useful in the initial diagnosis of chron's disease, for detecting recurrences, for establishing extent of disease, for assessing response to therapy, and for differentiating crohn's disease from ulcerative colitis or indeterminate colitis. Capsule endoscopy had the highest sensitivity (83%) with the lowest specificity (53%) and colonoscopy with ileoscopy had the highest specificity (100%) with a sensitivity of 74%.<ref name="pmid18513722">{{cite journal| author=Solem CA, Loftus EV, Fletcher JG, Baron TH, Gostout CJ, Petersen BT et al.| title=Small-bowel imaging in Crohn's disease: a prospective, blinded, 4-way comparison trial. | journal=Gastrointest Endosc | year= 2008 | volume= 68 | issue= 2 | pages= 255-66 | pmid=18513722 | doi=10.1016/j.gie.2008.02.017 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18513722 }} </ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 13:26, 8 June 2017
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Chronic diarrhea Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Case Studies |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Omodamola Aje B.Sc, M.D. [2]
Overview
An endoscopic evaluation should be considered if there are persistent symptoms, inconclusive diagnosis, or failure to respond to therapy. Guidelines for the role of endoscopy in the management of patients with diarrhea have been published by the American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.
Other diagnostic studies
Flexible sigmoidoscopy
Flexible sigmoidoscopy can be used as an initial diagnostic tool in patients with chronic diarrhea who are pregnant or have significant comorbidities where a colonoscopy is contraindicated. Flexible sigmoidoscopy may however be sufficient in the diagnosis as long as biopsy samples are obtained for histologic evaluation even when the mucosa appears normal to rule out causes of chronic diarrhea such as microscopic colitis. There has been much debate over the appropriate endoscopic method for evaluating chronic diarrhea. Flexible sigmoidoscopy is less expensive, less invasive, with fewer complications than colonoscopy. However some cases might be missed if biopsy samples are only taken from the distal segment of the colon.[1]
Colonoscopy
Chronic diarrhea can be diagnosed by colonoscopy with biopsy in patients with IBD, microscopic inflammatory disorders, and colorectal neoplasia.[2]
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) can be a useful in the evaluation of patients with IBD. Chron's disease can involve the esophagus,[3] stomach,[4] and duodenum.[5] Duodenal biopsies have been found to show more granulomas (40%-68%) than do colon biopsies.
Capsule endoscopy
Capsule endoscopy allows for direct and minimally invasive visualization of small bowel mucosa.It has been used to identify superficial lesions not detected by traditional endoscopy and radiography. It might be useful in the initial diagnosis of chron's disease, for detecting recurrences, for establishing extent of disease, for assessing response to therapy, and for differentiating crohn's disease from ulcerative colitis or indeterminate colitis. Capsule endoscopy had the highest sensitivity (83%) with the lowest specificity (53%) and colonoscopy with ileoscopy had the highest specificity (100%) with a sensitivity of 74%.[6]
References
- ↑ ASGE Standards of Practice Committee. Shen B, Khan K, Ikenberry SO, Anderson MA, Banerjee S; et al. (2010). "The role of endoscopy in the management of patients with diarrhea". Gastrointest Endosc. 71 (6): 887–92. doi:10.1016/j.gie.2009.11.025. PMID 20346452.
- ↑ Leighton JA, Shen B, Baron TH, Adler DG, Davila R, Egan JV; et al. (2006). "ASGE guideline: endoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease". Gastrointest Endosc. 63 (4): 558–65. doi:10.1016/j.gie.2006.02.005. PMID 16564852.
- ↑ Decker GA, Loftus EV, Pasha TM, Tremaine WJ, Sandborn WJ (2001). "Crohn's disease of the esophagus: clinical features and outcomes". Inflamm Bowel Dis. 7 (2): 113–9. PMID 11383583.
- ↑ Kefalas CH (2003). "Gastroduodenal Crohn's disease". Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 16 (2): 147–51. PMC 1201000. PMID 16278730.
- ↑ Wahab PJ, Crusius JB, Meijer JW, Mulder CJ (2001). "Gluten challenge in borderline gluten-sensitive enteropathy". Am J Gastroenterol. 96 (5): 1464–9. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.03812.x. PMID 11374684.
- ↑ Solem CA, Loftus EV, Fletcher JG, Baron TH, Gostout CJ, Petersen BT; et al. (2008). "Small-bowel imaging in Crohn's disease: a prospective, blinded, 4-way comparison trial". Gastrointest Endosc. 68 (2): 255–66. doi:10.1016/j.gie.2008.02.017. PMID 18513722.