Cardiac tamponade (patient information): Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Cardiac tamponade is compression of the heart that occurs when blood or fluid builds up in the space between the myocardium (heart muscle) and the pericardium (outer covering sac of the heart). This prevents the ventricles from expanding fully. The excess pressure from the fluid prevents the heart from functioning normally. | Cardiac tamponade is compression of the [[heart]] that occurs when [[blood]] or fluid builds up in the space between the [[myocardium]] ([[heart muscle]]) and the [[pericardium]] (outer covering sac of the [[heart]]). This prevents the [[ventricles]] from expanding fully. The excess pressure from the fluid prevents the [[heart]] from functioning normally. | ||
==What are the symptoms of cardiac tamponade?== | ==What are the symptoms of cardiac tamponade?== | ||
*Anxiety, restlessness | *[[Anxiety]], [[restlessness]] | ||
*Chest pain- Sharp and stabbing pain which worsens with deep breathing or coughing. | *[[Chest pain]]- Sharp and stabbing [[pain]] which worsens with [[deep breathing]] or [[coughing]]. | ||
*Difficulty breathing | *[[Difficulty breathing]] | ||
*Discomfort, sometimes relieved by sitting upright or leaning forward | *Discomfort, sometimes relieved by sitting upright or leaning forward | ||
*Fainting, light-headedness | *[[Fainting]], [[light-headedness]] | ||
*Pale, gray, or blue skin | *Pale, gray, or [[blue skin]] | ||
*Palpitations | *[[Palpitations]] | ||
*Rapid breathing | *[[Rapid breathing]] | ||
*Swelling of the abdomen or other areas | *[[Swelling of the abdomen]] or other areas | ||
*Low blood pressure | *[[Low blood pressure]] | ||
*Weak or absent pulse | *Weak or [[absent pulse]] | ||
==What causes cardiac tamponade?== | ==What causes cardiac tamponade?== | ||
Cardiac tamponade can occur when fluid or blood rapidly accumulates in pericardial cavity and thereby cause elevated intrapericardial pressure. Below are few of the causes for fluid in pericardium leading to cardiac tamponade. | Cardiac tamponade can occur when fluid or [[blood]] rapidly accumulates in [[pericardial cavity]] and thereby cause elevated intrapericardial pressure. Below are few of the causes for fluid in [[pericardium]] leading to cardiac tamponade. | ||
*Chest trauma | *[[Chest trauma]] | ||
*Rupture of aortic aneurysm (thoracic) | *Rupture of [[aortic aneurysm]] (thoracic) | ||
*End-stage lung cancer | *End-stage [[lung cancer]] | ||
*[[Heart attack (patient information)|Heart attack]] (acute MI) | *[[Heart attack (patient information)|Heart attack]] (acute MI) | ||
*Heart surgery | *[[Heart surgery]] | ||
*[[Pericarditis (patient information)|Pericarditis]] caused by bacterial or viral infections | *[[Pericarditis (patient information)|Pericarditis]] caused by [[bacterial]] or [[viral infections]] | ||
*Wounds to the heart | *[[Wounds]] to the [[heart]] | ||
*Heart tumors | *[[Heart tumors]] | ||
*[[Hypothyroidism (patient information)|Hypothyroidism]] | *[[Hypothyroidism (patient information)|Hypothyroidism]] | ||
*Kidney failure | *[[Kidney failure]] | ||
*Placement of central lines | *Placement of central lines | ||
*Radiation therapy to the chest | *[[Radiation therapy]] to the chest | ||
*Recent invasive heart procedures | *Recent invasive [[heart]] procedures | ||
*Recent open heart surgery | *Recent [[open heart surgery]] | ||
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus (patient information)|Systemic lupus erythematosus]] | *[[Systemic lupus erythematosus (patient information)|Systemic lupus erythematosus]] | ||
==When to seek urgent medical care?== | ==When to seek urgent medical care?== | ||
Go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) if symptoms develop. Cardiac tamponade is an emergency condition requiring immediate attention. | Go to the [[emergency room]] or call the local emergency number (such as 911) if [[symptoms]] develop. Cardiac tamponade is an [[emergency]] condition requiring immediate attention. | ||
==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
Your doctor may advice the following tests: | Your doctor may advice the following tests: | ||
*Chest CT or MRI of chest | *[[Chest]] [[CT-scans|CT]] or [[MRI]] of [[chest]] | ||
*Chest x-ray | *[[Chest X-ray|Chest x-ray]] | ||
*Coronary angiography | *[[Coronary angiography]] | ||
*ECG | *[[ECG]] | ||
==Treatment options== | ==Treatment options== | ||
Cardiac tamponade is an '''emergency condition''' that requires hospitalization. | Cardiac tamponade is an '''emergency condition''' that requires [[hospitalization]]. | ||
The fluid around the heart must be drained. Pericardiocentesis is a procedure that uses a needle to '''remove fluid from the pericardial sac''', the tissue that surrounds the heart. | The fluid around the [[heart]] must be drained. [[Pericardiocentesis]] is a procedure that uses a needle to '''remove fluid from the [[pericardial sac]]''', the [[tissue]] that surrounds the [[heart]]. | ||
A procedure to cut and remove part of the pericardium (surgical pericardiectomy or '''pericardial window''') may also be done. | A procedure to cut and remove part of the [[pericardium]] (surgical [[pericardiectomy]] or '''[[pericardial window]]''') may also be done. | ||
Fluids are given to maintain normal blood pressure until pericardiocentesis can be performed. Medications that increase blood pressure may also help sustain the patient's life until the fluid is drained. | Fluids are given to maintain normal [[blood pressure]] until [[pericardiocentesis]] can be performed. [[Medications]] that increase [[blood pressure]] may also help sustain the patient's life until the fluid is drained. | ||
The patient may be given oxygen. This reduces the workload on the heart by decreasing tissue demands for blood flow. | The [[patient]] may be given [[oxygen]]. This reduces the workload on the [[heart]] by decreasing tissue demands for [[blood flow]]. | ||
The cause of the tamponade must be identified and treated. | The [[Causes|cause]] of the tamponade must be identified and treated. | ||
==What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)== | ==What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)== | ||
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==Sources== | ==Sources== | ||
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000194.htm | http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000194.htm | ||
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{{WS}} | |||
[[CME Category::Cardiology]] | |||
[[Category:Cardiology]] | [[Category:Cardiology]] | ||
[[Category:Patient information]] | [[Category:Patient information]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Medicine]] | ||
[[ | [[Category:Up-To-Date]] | ||
[[Category:Emergency medicine]] | |||
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]] | |||
[[Category:Up-To-Date cardiology]] | |||
Latest revision as of 20:48, 29 July 2020
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Cardiac tamponade Microchapters |
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Cardiac tamponade (patient information) On the Web |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Cardiac tamponade (patient information) |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S.
Overview
Cardiac tamponade is compression of the heart that occurs when blood or fluid builds up in the space between the myocardium (heart muscle) and the pericardium (outer covering sac of the heart). This prevents the ventricles from expanding fully. The excess pressure from the fluid prevents the heart from functioning normally.
What are the symptoms of cardiac tamponade?
- Anxiety, restlessness
- Chest pain- Sharp and stabbing pain which worsens with deep breathing or coughing.
- Difficulty breathing
- Discomfort, sometimes relieved by sitting upright or leaning forward
- Fainting, light-headedness
- Pale, gray, or blue skin
- Palpitations
- Rapid breathing
- Swelling of the abdomen or other areas
- Low blood pressure
- Weak or absent pulse
What causes cardiac tamponade?
Cardiac tamponade can occur when fluid or blood rapidly accumulates in pericardial cavity and thereby cause elevated intrapericardial pressure. Below are few of the causes for fluid in pericardium leading to cardiac tamponade.
- Chest trauma
- Rupture of aortic aneurysm (thoracic)
- End-stage lung cancer
- Heart attack (acute MI)
- Heart surgery
- Pericarditis caused by bacterial or viral infections
- Wounds to the heart
- Heart tumors
- Hypothyroidism
- Kidney failure
- Placement of central lines
- Radiation therapy to the chest
- Recent invasive heart procedures
- Recent open heart surgery
- Systemic lupus erythematosus
When to seek urgent medical care?
Go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) if symptoms develop. Cardiac tamponade is an emergency condition requiring immediate attention.
Diagnosis
Your doctor may advice the following tests:
Treatment options
Cardiac tamponade is an emergency condition that requires hospitalization.
The fluid around the heart must be drained. Pericardiocentesis is a procedure that uses a needle to remove fluid from the pericardial sac, the tissue that surrounds the heart.
A procedure to cut and remove part of the pericardium (surgical pericardiectomy or pericardial window) may also be done.
Fluids are given to maintain normal blood pressure until pericardiocentesis can be performed. Medications that increase blood pressure may also help sustain the patient's life until the fluid is drained.
The patient may be given oxygen. This reduces the workload on the heart by decreasing tissue demands for blood flow.
The cause of the tamponade must be identified and treated.
What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)
Tamponade is life-threatening if untreated. The outcome is often good if the condition is treated promptly, but tamponade may come back.
Possible complications
- Heart failure
- Pulmonary edema
- Death
Videos
Below is a video demonstrating bleeding into the pericardium leading to development of cardiac tamponade. {{#ev:youtube|QwgfuDegC5Y}}