COVID-19-associated pericarditis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mounika Reddy Vadiyala, M.B.B.S.[2]

Synonyms and keywords: Novel coronavirus, COVID-19, Wuhan Coronavirus, Coronavirus Disease-19, Coronavirus Disease 2019, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, COVID-19, 2019-nCoV, 2019 novel coronavirus, Cardiovascular finding in COVID-19, Pericardial injury in COVID-19, Pericarditis, Pericarditis in COVID-19, COVID-19-associated Pericarditis, SARS-CoV2-associated Pericarditis, Myocardial injury in COVID-19, COVID-19 pericarditis

Overview

COVID-19 is caused by the novel coronavirus, also known as SARS-CoV-2. It mainly affects the lungs, causing severe acute respiratory syndrome. It invades through the Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors present abundantly not only in the lungs but also in the heart, kidneys, intestine, brain, skin thus causing multiorgan dysfunction. Studies have demonstrated that COVID-19 interacts with the cardiovascular system, thereby causing myocardial injury and dysfunction as well as increasing morbidity among patients with underlying cardiovascular conditions. Pericarditis in COVID-19 is a rare complication.

Historical Perspective

• The novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, is identified as the cause of an outbreak of respiratory illness first detected in Wuhan, China in late December 2019. SARS-CoV-2 has rapidly spread across China and in other countries, raising major global concerns. This novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, was named the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) for it similarity severe acute respiratory syndrome related coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV, which caused acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in 2002–2003.
• On January 30, 2020,the World Health Organization(WHO) declared the outbreak as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.
• On March 12, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic.

Classification

• There is no established system for the classification of the pericarditis seen in COVID-19.
• For more information regarding general classification, see the pericarditis classification.

Pathophysiology

• Viral infections are a common cause of pericarditis. It is hypothesized that viruses cause pericardial inflammation via direct cytotoxic effects or via immune-mediated mechanisms.
• The exact mechanism of COVID-19 induced pericarditis is not yet well known.
• Probable mechanisms of COVID-19-associated pericarditis from the limited cases reported:
  • Direct invasion of the virus
  • Cytokine storm and systemic hyperinflammatory response: This might be leading to pericarditis and subsequent pericardial effusion in certain patients

Causes

Pericarditis in COVID-19 is caused by:

• Direct invasion by SARS-CoV-2
• Pro-inflammatory cytokine storm

Differentiating [COVID-19-associated pericarditis] from other Diseases

Pericarditis in COVID-19 must be differentiated from other diseases that cause chest pain, dyspnea such as:

• Myocarditis
• Pleural effusion
• Pulmonary embolism
• Heart failure

For general information on the differential diagnosis of pericarditis, refer to Differentiating Pericarditis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

• Pericarditis is a rare manifestation of COVID-19.
• There is currently no available data on the incidence of pericarditis in COVID-19 patients and very few case reports of pericarditis in COVID-19 patients.

Age

• There is no data on age predilection to pericarditis in COVID-19.

Gender

• There is no data on gender predilection to pericarditis in COVID-19.

Race

• There is no data on racial predilection to pericarditis in COVID-19.

Risk Factors

• Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] are [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

• The majority of patients with [disease name] remain asymptomatic for [duration/years].
• Early clinical features include [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
• If left untreated, [#%] of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
• Common complications of [disease name] include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
• Prognosis is generally [excellent/good/poor], and the [1/5/10­year mortality/survival rate] of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#%].

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

• The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met:

• [criterion 1]
• [criterion 2]
• [criterion 3]
• [criterion 4]

Symptoms

• [Disease name] is usually asymptomatic.
• Symptoms of [disease name] may include the following:

• [symptom 1]
• [symptom 2]
• [symptom 3]
• [symptom 4]
• [symptom 5]
• [symptom 6]

Physical Examination

• Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance].
• Physical examination may be remarkable for:

• [finding 1]
• [finding 2]
• [finding 3]
• [finding 4]
• [finding 5]
• [finding 6]

Laboratory Findings

• There are no specific laboratory findings associated with [disease name].

• A [positive/negative] [test name] is diagnostic of [disease name].
• An [elevated/reduced] concentration of [serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other] [lab test] is diagnostic of [disease name].
• Other laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [disease name] include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3].

Imaging Findings

• There are no [imaging study] findings associated with [disease name].

• [Imaging study 1] is the imaging modality of choice for [disease name].
• On [imaging study 1], [disease name] is characterized by [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
• [Imaging study 2] may demonstrate [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

Other Diagnostic Studies

• [Disease name] may also be diagnosed using [diagnostic study name].
• Findings on [diagnostic study name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

Treatment

Medical Therapy

• There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.

• The mainstay of therapy for [disease name] is [medical therapy 1] and [medical therapy 2].
• [Medical therapy 1] acts by [mechanism of action 1].
• Response to [medical therapy 1] can be monitored with [test/physical finding/imaging] every [frequency/duration].

Surgery

• Surgery is the mainstay of therapy for [disease name].
• [Surgical procedure] in conjunction with [chemotherapy/radiation] is the most common approach to the treatment of [disease name].
• [Surgical procedure] can only be performed for patients with [disease stage] [disease name].

Prevention

• There are no primary preventive measures available for [disease name].

• Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].

• Once diagnosed and successfully treated, patients with [disease name] are followed-up every [duration]. Follow-up testing includes [test 1], [test 2], and [test 3].